I NTRODUCTION TO B RAIN AND B EHAVIOR Fall 2016 Hana Kuwabara Andrea Mejia 1

T OPICS FOR T ODAY ’ S L ECTURE  The Organization of the Brain  Protecting the Brain 2

T HE N ERVOUS S YSTEM  Central Nervous System  Brain and Spinal Cord  Brain stem and forebrain  Peripheral Nervous System  Somatic and Autonomic 3

T HE B RAIN S TEM  Hindbrain  Midbrain 4

T HE B RAIN S TEM : T HE H INDBRAIN  Lowest part of brain stem  Medulla  Regulates many automatic activities  e.g., breathing, heartbeat, digestion  Area Postrema  Pons  Message station between the cortex and the cerebellum  Cerebellum  Motor coordination of on going movements 5

D ISORDERS OF THE CEREBELLUM  

T HE B RAIN S TEM : T HE H INDBRAIN 7

T HE B RAIN S TEM : T HE M IDBRAIN  Coordinates movement with sensory input  Tectum  Visual reflexes and reaction to moving stimuli  “Old”/primitive visual system  Tegmentum  Reticular formation  Periaqueductal gray matter  Red nucleus  Ventral tegmental area  Substantia Nigra  Communicate with the caudate nucleus in the Basal Ganglia 8

T HE B RAIN S TEM : T HE M IDBRAIN 10

T HE F OREBRAIN  Diencephalon = thalamus and hypothalamus  Telencephalon = cortex, basal ganglia, and limbic system  Limbic system = amygdala and hippocampus

T HE F OREBRAIN : T HE T HALAMUS & H YPOTHALAMUS  Involved in regulating behavior and emotion  Thalamus  “Grand Central Station” for sensory information  Hypothalamus  The basic drives of the “four F’s”:  F ight/ F light response  F eeding (hunger/thirst)  F ornicating (sexual drive) 12

T HE F OREBRAIN : T HE T HALAMUS & H YPOTHALAMUS 13

T HE F OREBRAIN : T HE L IMBIC S YSTEM  Hippocampus + Amygdala  Amygdala  Emotional experiences  Negative emotions  Impulse control  Involves…  Emotional behavior, activation of ANS, and hormonal activation  Hippocampus  Memory consolidation center  Memories are not stored here  Plays a bigger role in declarative memory  Verbal and conscious 14

T HE F OREBRAIN : T HE L IMBIC S YSTEM 15

T HE F OREBRAIN : T HE B ASAL G ANGLIA  Includes caudate nucleus, substantia nigra  Believed to control motor activity  Substantia nigra implicated in Parkinson’s Disease  Less dopamine 

T HE F OREBRAIN : T HE B ASAL G ANGLIA 17

T HE F OREBRAIN : T HE C EREBRAL C ORTEX  Temporal  Parietal  Occipital  Frontal  > 80% of all neurons in central nervous system 18

T HE F OREBRAIN : T HE C EREBRAL C ORTEX  Divided into two hemispheres  Connected by corpus callosum  Left hemisphere  Verbal processes, other cognitive processes  Right hemisphere  Perceiving our world, creating images 19

T HE F OREBRAIN : T HE C EREBRAL C ORTEX  Temporal Lobe  Recognizing sights and sounds  Long-term memory storage  Parietal Lobe  Touch sensation  Monitoring body positioning 20

T HE F OREBRAIN : T HE C EREBRAL C ORTEX  Occipital Lobe  Processing visual information  Frontal Lobe  Deciding how we respond to environment  Personality, impulse control  Prefrontal Cortex  Thinking, reasoning, planning 21

P ROTECTING THE B RAIN  Meninges  Cerebrospinal fluid / Ventricular System  Blood-Brain Barrier 22

P ROTECTING THE B RAIN : T HE M ENINGES  Tough protective covering around brain and spinal cord  Consists of 3 layers (“PAD”) 23

P ROTECTING THE B RAIN : T HE M ENINGES  Tough protective covering around brain and spinal cord  Consists of 3 layers (“PAD”)  Pia mater  Follows surface very closely  Very delicate, you can barely see it 24

P ROTECTING THE B RAIN : T HE M ENINGES  Tough protective covering around brain and spinal cord  Consists of 3 layers (“PAD”)  Arachnoid membrane  Middle/Inner layer  Weblike appearance  Soft and spongy 25

P ROTECTING THE B RAIN : T HE M ENINGES  Tough protective covering around brain and spinal cord  Consists of 3 layers (“PAD”)  Dura mater  “Hard mother”  Outer layer  Thick, tough, unstretchable 26

P ROTECTING THE B RAIN : C EREBROSPINAL F LUID (CSF)  Fluid in and around the brain  Functions:  Reduce pressure on base of brain  Absorb shock caused by sudden head movement  Removal of waste products  Continually manufactured and circulated through brain via ventricles  Hollow, interconnected chambers 27

P ROTECTING THE B RAIN : C EREBROSPINAL F LUID 28

P ROTECTING THE B RAIN : T HE B LOOD -B RAIN B ARRIER  Produced by cells in walls of the brain’s blood vessels  Semi-permeable  Water, glucose (sugar = energy) can cross  Many other molecules cannot 29

P ROTECTING THE B RAIN : T HE B LOOD -B RAIN B ARRIER  Functions:  Protect brain from harmful chemicals  Regulate brain’s chemical balance 30