REVIEW 1. List 3 advancements in Science and Technology during the Progressive Era (late 1800’s – early 1900’s). 2. Why was there a rise in newspaper sales in the early 1900’s? Give 3 reasons. 3. Describe three examples of mass culture at the turn of the century and today.

Booker T. WashingtonW. E. B. De Bois

Discrimination and Segregation After the Civil War

Education, Segregation and Discrimination Objective: Students will evaluate the effects of racial segregation on different regions and segments of the US society.

Expanding Public Education Millions of immigrants are assimilated into the growing public school system Most states passed laws that required ages 8-14 to attend school; weeks annually Taught the 3 R’s- Reading, Riting, Rithmatic

Expanding Public Education Growth of High Schools Science Social Studies/ Civics Vocational Courses- drafting, carpentry, mechanics, clerical/ secretarial (females) African-Americans were excluded from public secondary education (less than 1% attended) 3% of African- Americans attended private high schools

Expanding Public Education Growth of Colleges and Universities Public and private colleges grew Many required a high school diploma or entrance exam African-American establish more Colleges and Universities

Booker T. Washington African American Educator Philosophy ► African-American should learn trades to get well-paying jobs ► As African-Americans earn more $$, they can rise in society and work for equality ► Publicly supported segregation ► Promoted positive relationship between whites and blacks

Booker T. Washington African American Educator Public Reaction ► Popular among whites; saw him as a less threatening approach ► African-Americans felt he was selling out

Booker T. Washington continued… Impact ► Founded Tuskegee Institute (vocational school for African-Americans) ► Atlanta Compromise: Washington proposed that blacks and whites could cooperate on certain economic issues while being separate in social issues

W.E.B. Du Bois- First African American to receive Doctorate from Harvard Philosophy ► Founded the Niagara Movement: Encouraged blacks to seek education to become educated leaders ► Need for immediate change ► Demanded full equal rights now ► Advancement can’t happen until discrimination ends

W.E.B. Du Bois continued… Public Reaction ► Many thought he was too radical ► Progressive reformers ignored him, focused on change for the white middle class Impact  Helped establish the NAACP to promote equality

African Americans and Discrimination  After Reconstruction- African Americans fell victim to laws restricting their Civil Rights  Around the turn of the 20 th Century, new laws and policies added to racial discrimination

African Americans and Discrimination continued…  Voting restrictions on African-Americans  Literacy Test- more difficult questions to African-Americans; sometimes given in a foreign language  Poll Tax- must be paid before you could vote  Grandfather clause- you could vote if you grandfather voted  Jim Crow laws- segregation laws  Separate hospitals  Separate schools  Separate transportation

Jim Crow Laws and Plessy v. Ferguson  Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) U.S. Supreme Court- “separate but equal” did not violate the 14 th Amendment

Race Relations and Informal Rules  Racial Etiquette- Unwritten Rules  No Shaking hands between races- implied equality  Black had to yield to whites on sidewalks  Black men had to remove their hats for whites

Race Relations and Informal Rules  Violence in the South- lynchings if people did not comply with the etiquette rules  Discrimination in the North- Segregated neighborhoods, Labor unions denied black membership, Last hired first fired

Discrimination in the West  Mexican-Americans face debt peonage- System that bound laborers into slavery in order to work off a debt to the employer  Chinese Exclusion Act- Immigration restricted “indefinitely” (1902)