Black Codes Read the handout regarding the Black Codes and answer the questions. (1) What rules especially stand out to you? (2) What would life look like for an African American in this kind of society or community?

Freedmen’s Bureau Assisting those displaced by the Civil War: – [1] Food, water, and other essentials Assisting freed slaves after the Civil War: – [2] Establish schools for education – [3] Health care & legal services – [4] Establish labor contracts

Freedmen’s Bureau and Education

Imagine being a former slave and now a “Freedman” … How significant is this change? No state-supported, mandatory school system existed in the South. The Bureau spent $5 million to establish schools. By 1865, 90,000 former slaves were enrolled in schools. Attendance rates were between 79% - 82%. By 1870, 1,000 schools were established in American South. By 1876, 40% of all African American children attended school. Established 11 colleges in Southern states

Summarize, what were the various plans for Reconstruction? – President Lincoln – Wade-Davis Bill – President Johnson – Radical Republicans

President Lincoln’s “Ten Percent Plan” (1863) As soon as 10% of state’s voters took an oath of loyalty … Abolish slavery

Wade-Davis Bill (1864) Moderate Republicans’ plan to do the following: – Majority of Southerners take an oath of loyalty. – Abolish slavery – No former Confederate leaders or generals can serve …

President Johnson’s Plan (1865) Like Lincoln, favored a lenient approach towards the Southern states. 10% loyalty oath by a Southern state’s population

Confiscation of 400,000 acres land along Atlantic Coast, formerly belonging to white Southerners Special Field Orders, No. 15 by General William Tecumseh Sherman

President Johnson vs. President Lincoln President Johnson Pardoned all white landowners Johnson allows the Black Codes. Ordered plantations returned to white Southerners Vetoed … – Civil Rights Act of – 14th Amendment. President Lincoln Believed in political justice and voting rights for African- Americans. Created the Freedmen's Bureau.

Sharecropping What did this system look like? (1:55 – 3:20)

Political Situation – Post Civil War

America in Summer of 1865, with Congress out of Session … Memphis Riot of 1866 … New Orleans Riot of 1866 … Congressional Election in 1866 …

Radical Republican’s Plans Major objectives: – (1) Prevent former Confederate leaders from regaining power – (2) Help African Americans suffrage – (3) Owning property

Radical Republican’s Plans (continued) – African Americans can own property and have to be treated equally in a court of law Civil Rights Act of 1866 – Abolishes the Black Codes, making these illegal in the Southern states

Command of the Army Act … Office of Tenure Act … Johnson Is Impeached

Military Reconstruction Act of 1867 – [1] Five Districts with military occupation – [2] New state constitutions approved by U.S. Congress Ratify 14 th Amendment Guarantee African American suffrage – [3] Former Confederates cannot vote Radical Republican’s Plans (continued)

15 th Amendment – Right to Vote for African American males Amendments 14 th Amendment – Equal Citizenship

African American Representation Achievements Served in government as mayors, police chiefs, state representatives and in the United States Congress. Blanche Bruce (1875 – 81) Hiram Revels (1870 – 71)

How did the Era of Reconstruction End? (1) White Southerner Intimidation (2) Panic of 1873 & Economic problems (3) Compromise of 1877 and loss of support from Northern Republicans (4) Disenfranchisement of African Americans (1877 – 1890’s)

*** Rise of the Ku Klux Klan

Panic of 1873 Financial crisis that triggers a depression, lasting from 1873 to 1879.

Compromise of 1877 Contested election of Samuel Tilden (Democrat) and Rutherford B. Hayes (Republican). Political agreement ends Reconstruction.

African Americans Disenfranchised Poll Tax “Good character clause” Literacy test Grandfather clause