MACROMOLECULES EOC REVIEW
Carbon serves as the backbone Carbon forms covalent bonds.
Carbon forms four covalent bonds with other elements, or with other carbon atoms.
Carbon can form: Single bond Double bond Triple bond Double bond
The four macromolecules are: Carbohydrates Proteins Lipids Nucleic acids
Carbohydrates sugars OH H H HO CH 2 OH H H H OH O
Carbohydrates are composed of carbon and oxygen hydrogen OH H H HO CH 2 OH H H H OH O
Carbohydrates include sugars like and sucrose glucose OH H H HO CH 2 OH H H H OH O
Fructose - C 6 H 12 O 6 Glucose - C 6 H 12 O 6 Monosaccharides one sugar Provides Energy Function? Stored chemical energy
ATP broken down GLUCOSE Cellular Respiration ENERGY
Disaccharides two sugars
Carbohydrates also include starch glycogen cellulose Long chains of glucose Polysaccharides many sugars sugar
Long chains of glucose Polysaccharides: Energy Storage Starch in plants Glycogen in animals
Cellulose Cellulose --- the cell wall of plants Polysaccharides Polysaccharides --- Structure & Support
The four macromolecules are: Carbohydrates Proteins Lipids Nucleic acids
Proteins are the workhorses of the cell. Enzymes Structure Transport Movement Communication Proteins do all the work! Protection Regulation ENZYMES!!! MUSCLES!!!
Proteins are composed of: carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen.
amino acid amino acid amino acid amino acid amino acid amino acid Protein Protein long chain of amino acids. amino acid
There are 20 different amino acids.
All amino acids have a similar structure. —N——N— H H H | —C— | C—OH || O R same Different Here
Amino Acids
amino acid amino acid amino acid amino acid amino acid Protein = = amino acid Protein = amino acid amino acid amino acid amino acid amino acid amino acid amino acid amino acid amino acid amino acid There are thousands of different proteins
Enzymes are catalysts. Catalysts are compounds that speed up chemical reactions. enzyme
Products Substrate Lock and Key
The four macromolecules are: Carbohydrates Proteins Lipids Nucleic acids
LIPIDS include: fats oils cholesterol phospholipids
Function: Long Term Energy Storage Animals - fats Plants - oils
Function: Structure cell membranes are composed of phospholipids
Oil Water Lipids are nonpolar. Lipids do not dissolve in water.
Lipids: composed mostly of carbon and hydrogen.
Lipids are composed of fatty acids.
F A T Y A C I D S
Saturated Fatty Acid: Unsaturated Fatty Acid
The four macromolecules are: Carbohydrates Proteins Lipids Nucleic Acids
There are two types of nucleic acids: __________ or deoxyribonucleic acid __________ or ribonucleic acid RNA DNA
DNA contains the genetic information and the instructions for making proteins. Chromosomes are composed of DNA. chromosome
Nucleic acids: are composed of nucleotides. nucleotide
A nucleotide is made of three parts: A phosphate A sugar A base A NUCLEOTIDE P Base Sugar
P Adenine Sugar Four different nucleotides P Thymine Sugar P Cytosine Sugar P Guanine Sugar
What is the formula for glucose? C 6 H 12 O 6
Proteins include enzymes antibodies muscles
Lipids include Fats and oils cholesterol phospholipids
Oil Water A lipid is a nonpolar molecule that does not dissolve in water. Do lipids dissolve in water?
Nucleic acids include DNA and RNA
contains DNA the genetic information
Carbohydrates are composed of monosaccharides polysaccharide monosaccharide
Proteins are composed of Amino acids
Lipids are composed of fatty acids
Nucleic acids are composed of nucleotides P S B P P S S B B
Amino acid Amino acid Amino acid Amino acid Amino acid Amino acid Amino acid Amino acid Amino acid Amino acid Which macromolecule? protein
Which macromolecule? carbohydrate
amino acid amino acid amino acid amino acid amino acid amino acid Which macromolecule? proteins
What is this? A fat
Which macromolecule? Lipid
What are these? monosaccharides sugars
Which macromolecule? carbohydrate
P Base Sugar What is this? A nucleotide
P Base Sugar Nucleic acid Which macromolecule?
—N——N— H H H | —C— | C—OH || O R variable group What is this? An amino acid
—N——N— H H H | —C— | C—OH || O R variable group protein Which macromolecule?
What is this? DNA
Nucleic acid Which macromolecule?
Molecule that speeds up chemical reactions enzymes
A polysaccharide What is this?
carbohydrate Which macromolecule?
insulates body cushions organs & fats
nucleotide Which macromolecule? Nucleic acids
What is this? An amino acid
proteins Which macromolecule?
What are these? monosaccharides
Which macromolecule? carbohydrate
What is this? A nucleotide
A nucleic acid Which macromolecule?
What are these? disaccharides
carbohydrates Which macromolecule?
DNA & RNA Which macromolecule? Nucleic acids
What is this? An amino acid
proteins Which macromolecule?
Muscles are composed of protein
What are these? Fatty acids
Which macromolecule? lipids
What is this? polysaccharide
Which macromolecule? carbohydrate
A nucleotide What is this?
A nucleic acid Which macromolecule?
What are these? Amino acids
proteins Which macromolecule?
What is this? A phospholipid
What structure is composed of phospholipids? Cell membrane
The cell wall of plants is composed of the above macromolecule. The above macromolecule is... cellulose
Adenine --- A Thymine --- T Cytosine --- C Guanine --- G These are the bases for nucleotides
What contains more energy? 1000 g of carbs 1000 g of fat 1000 g of protein
What is the monomer? glucose
What is this? polysaccharide
Which macromolecule? carbohydrate
Glycogen This macromolecule is found in the liver of animals. What is it?
Energy storage This macromolecule is found in the liver of animals. What is it’s function?
What is the function of glucose? glucose This is a molecule of … (a specific name) To provide energy for cells.
What is this? Triglyceride
Fat or oil Triglyceride is a ….
Long term energy storage The function of this molecule is …
What is the monomer? glucose
What is it? starch glucose This macromolecule is found in plants. What is the function of the above macromolecule? Energy storage
What is the function of this molecule? To provide energy for cells.
? enzyme
? substrate
? products
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