ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY NERVOUS SYSTEM & SENSES Are You Ready?

Can you label the frontal lobe, parietal lobe, occipital lobe, temporal lobe, cerebellum and brain stem?

Were You Right?

Where is the visual cortex? Where is the auditory cortex? Where is the olfactory cortex? Where is taste processed in the brain? Where are touch and pressure processed? What part of the brain is responsible for coordination?

Were You Right? Coordination (Cerebellum) ↵

Can you describe each of the following? Central Nervous System Peripheral Nervous System Autonomic Nervous System Somatic Nervous System Sympathetic Nervous System Parasympathetic Nervous System

Central Nervous System – Brain and spinal cord Peripheral Nervous System – Portions of nervous system outside the central nervous system Autonomic Nervous System – Portion of nervous system that controls viscera and skin Somatic Nervous System – motor pathways of peripheral nervous system that lead to skeletal muscles Sympathetic Nervous System- portion of autonomic nervous system that mobilizes the body’s resources under stress Parasympathetic Nervous System – portion of autonomic nervous system, is responsible for stimulation of activities that occur when the body is at rest Were You Right?

What Is This Diagram Showing?

Were You Right? This diagram shows portions of the autonomic nervous system – the part of the nervous system that controls viscera and skin. This picture illustrates part of the peripheral nervous system – the part outside the brain and spinal cord. The signals from internal organs and/or skin follow nerve pathways to the spinal cord and then to the brain for interpretation.

Can you label the following? Papillae Taste buds Gustatory cells Cranial nerve fiber Taste pores/taste hairs

Were You Right? Papillae are bumps on tongue ⁄ Taste buds line the sides of the papillae ↵ Yellow cells are gustatory cells ↵ Cranial nerve fibers are yellow ↵ Taste pores and hairs −

Can you label the following? Olfactory neurons Olfactory hairs Olfactory bulb Cribiform plate Olfactory nerves

Were You Right? Olfactory Bulb Olfactory Neurons Olfactory Hairs Cribiform Plate Olfactory Nerves

Can you label the following structures? Auricleincustympanic cavity External acoustic mastusmalleussemicircular canals Stapescochleavestibulocochlear nerve Tympanic membraneEustacian tubeoval window

Were You Right?

Can you label the following structures? Extrinsic musclesciliary bodyiris Aqueous humorlenspupil Retinachoroid coatsclera Vitreous humoroptic nerveoptic disc cornea

Were You Right?

Please add the answers to the following questions to your final review packet. Remember, this is the only resource you will be allowed to use on Monday’s test.

Brain: What is the function of the Corpus Callosum

Were You Right? The Corpus Callosum is a bundle of nervous fiber found in the longitudinal fissure of the brain – between the left and right hemispheres. It facilitates communication between the hemispheres.

Nervous System: Where in the body might each of the following be found?  Chemoreceptor  Mechanoreceptor  Photoreceptor  Pain receptors  Thermo-receptors What are somatic senses? What is sensory adaptation? Which sense tends not to adapt? What is referred pain? Why does this phenomenon occur?

Were You Right? Chemo-receptors are found in the nose and mouth. Mechano-receptors are found in the skin and sense pressure changes. Photo-receptors are found in the eyes. Pain receptors are found in tissues throughout in the body, except for the brain. Thermo-receptors are found just below the epidermis and in the dermis. Somatic senses include touch, pressure, temperature and pain Sensory adaptation occurs when the impulses to the brain slow down and stop because the environment is not changing. For example, if you enter a room and notice an odor, after a period of time, you will no longer detect that odor. Pain is not subject to sensory adaptation. As a protection, you don’t ”get used to” pain. It is a signal to the body to make a change. Referred pain is felt in a part of the body other than that from which it originates. Referred pain occurs because of shared nerve pathways to the brain. For example, the heart and the skin on your left arm share a common nervous pathway. If pain originates in your heart, it may feel like it’s coming from your arm.

Taste: What needs to happen to food in order for it to stimulate your taste buds? What are the cells that surround gustatory cells in taste buds called?

Were You Right? Food needs to dissolve before it can be detected by taste sensors. The cells surrounding gustatory cells in taste buds are called support cells. They are epithelial cells.

Smell: What needs to happen to odorant molecules in order for them to stimulate olfactory neurons? Olfactory neurons are bipolar. What does this mean?

Were You Right? Odorant molecules must dissolve in order to be detected by olfactory nerves. Olfactory nerves are bipolar. This means that they detect the presence of odorant molecules at one end and synapse with nerve cells at the other end to send impulses to the brain for interpretation.

Hearing: Which parts of the ear (outer, middle inner) are air filled? Which parts of the ear are fluid filled? What are the two functions of the ear? Where are the sound receptors located in the ear? What is the purpose of the Eustacian tube? Name the two nerve types that go from the inner ear to the brain for processing. What are the functions of the malleus, incus, and stapes?

Were You Right? The outer and middle ear are air filled. The inner ear is fluid filled. The ear functions in hearing and balance. Sound receptors are located in the cochlea. The Eustacian tube functions to maintain equal pressure on either side of the eardrum. The two nerves that go to the brain from the ear are vestibular nerves and cochlear nerves. The incus, malleus and stapes transfer vibrations from the outer ear to the inner ear while concentrating those vibrations on a smaller area.

Vision: What is the purpose of extrinsic muscles surrounding the eye? What is the purpose of the sclera? Where is vitreous humor found? Why is it important? Which structures in the eye help to refract (bend) light? What structure plays the biggest role in light refraction? What is the purpose of the choroid coat? What is the function of the iris? What is the function of the ciliary body?

Were You Right? Extrinsic muscle surrounding the eye enable the eye to move up, down, or side to side. The sclera is the tough outer covering that encases the eye. Vitreous humor is a gel-like substance that fills the back portion of the eye and helps maintain the shape of the eye. The cornea, aqueous humor, lens and vitreous humor all refract light that enters the eye. The lens is primarily responsible for the refraction of light entering the eye. The choroid coat prevents light from entering the eye and provides a blood supply to the cells of the inner eye. The iris adjusts the size of the pupil depending on the amount of light in the immediate environment. The ciliary body changes the shape of the lens to allow the eye to focus on objects at various distances.