THINKING THURSDAY A ladder hangs over the side of a ship anchored in a port. The bottom rung touches the water. The distance between rungs is 20 cm and the length of the ladder is 180 cm. The tide is rising at the rate of 15 cm each hour. When will the water reach the seventh rung from the top?

ANSWER If the tide is raising water, then it is raising the ship on water, too. So water will reach still the first rung.

SCHISM TO CRUSADES

MIDDLE AGES Spans 476 (Fall of Rome) – 1600 (The Enlightenment) The High Middle Ages: Marked by: 1.Thriving intellectual life 2.Standardization of Church Practice and Architecture 3.New Political and Economic Arrangements 4.Absolute Christendom 5.Breakdown of centralized power 6.Attacks by non-Christian civilizations 7.Church intertwined with state, social, economic and military activity

GROWING EAST-WEST TENSIONS Emperor in Constantinople thought himself the only Roman emperor  no control over the West Each side of the “empire” had unique difficulties which caused its political structure to develop differently in relation to the Church (i.e., role of ruler) Patriarch of Constantinople grew to equal importance of the Pope in Eastern Christianity. the west didn’t share the same regard for the PoC  tensions developed over who had the right to make decisions

REMEMBER- PAPAL PRIMACY

East-West Tensions Westerners speak Latin Easterners speak Greek What are some problems that might occur? Differences in practices developed – ex: rules about fasting, celibacy of clergy Spirituality of the East tended towards experiencing the mystical, whereas the West sought to explain mysteries

THE EAST-WEST SCHISM Building since Chalcedon in 451 Final Split: fundamental issue: authority of the Pope OTHER BIG ISSUES: 1.Western Changes 2.Language: Greek v. Latin 3.Customs such as celibacy v. married clergy 4.Church-State relationships – Pope was very involved in politics 5.Iconoclastic Controversy: images as idolatry? 6.Filioque Controversy 7.Papal Primacy

EAST-WEST SCHISM Iconoclast Controversy Icon (image) Clast (break) Background -Judaism and Islam discourage/condemn the use of images of the sacred - Christianity had a tradition of sacred imagery – seen as helpful especially for the illiterate 726 Eastern Emperor Leo outlawed icons as idolatry and had 1000’s destroyed (he was backed by the Partiarch of Constantinople)

RALLY ROBIN – 20 SEC WITH YOUR FRONT/BACK PARTNER How can/do Icons help you in your faith life? Do you think Icons are more helpful or harmful? Why?

ICONS

Pope Gregory II :Eastern Emperor did not have the authority to interfere Lasted 50 years – involved battles! What does the Church do when it has an issue or controversy?

2 ND COUNCIL OF NICAEA (787) ruled that icons were fine. Issues: 1.The Pope asserted power over the Patriarch of Constantinople 2.The Byzantine Emperor’s authority over the Church was negated.

EAST-WEST SCHISM Filioque Controversy Nicaea said “from the father” Later some wanted clarity so they changed it to say “From the father and the son.” Charlemagne wanted unity so he made the change universal Eastern Christians resented the change because it was made by a secular leader and they weren’t consulted To the West, the Eastern Christians seemed to be bordering on Arianism because the change was intended to strengthen the anti-Arian stance Became a huge issue to both sides

NICENE CREED I believe in the Holy Spirit, the Lord, the giver of life, who proceeds from the Father and the Son, who with the Father and the Son is adored and glorified, who has spoken through the prophets.

EAST-WEST SCHISM The Players: Patriarch Michael Cerulaurius Anti – Latin Objection to Western Practices i.e. celibacy, fasting on Saturdays, beardlessness. Closed Latin parishes in the East Trampled consecrated hosts from the Latin churches! Cardinal Humbert (W) Representative of Pope Leo IX. Excommunicated Patriarch Michael Cerularius of Constantinople (E) by placing a decree of excommunication on the altar of the Hagia Sophia Not the most diplomatic man… Patriarch Cerularius then excommunicated the Pope!

END OF THE GREEK SCHISM? Council of Ferrara-Florence ( ) reached an accord  bull of reunion issued in December, 1452 Short lived: The Christian Eastern Empire completely fell May, 1453 when Mahomet II took Constantinople …no organized way to reunite remained.

EAST –WEST SCHISM TODAY Endures to this day but we’re on good terms with each other Orthodox Churches are not in union with the RCC  Ex: Greek Orthodox Eastern Rite Catholic Churches are in union with the RCC – they are culturally Eastern, but recognize the supremacy of the Pope  Ex: Byzantine Catholic  Epiphany of Our Lord Byzantine Catholic Church, Annandale

FEUDALISM A social form of interlocking relationships based on the use of land in payment for military services

FEUDALISM Serfs Took care of the land and livestock. Paid rent to the lord of the land. Over 90% of people in Western Europe were serfs. Knights Fought for the Lord of the manor if required. More cultured than the average serf. Lord Ran the manner and provided for the wellbeing of the manor. Often a vassal of a more powerful ruler. Promised respect, obedience and taxes to the King. King Landowner of the entire Kingdom Vassal – someone who is subject to another. They exist on every level from lords down

IMPACTS OF FEUDALISM 1.People viewed all of reality in terms of levels of authority and importance. “The Great Chain of Being” is the application of a hierarchical view to spirituality.

IMPACT OF FEUDALISM 2. The Church was the largest landowner. Bishops and abbots/abbesses (heads of monasteries) functioned as lords of manors. They issued money, judged lawsuits, and fought in battles. 3.Firmly established the Church Hierarchy which functioned in much the same way as the societal hierarchy of feudalism.

CHURCH HIERARCHY Pope Earthly head of the Roman Church Bishops Head of a local Church (Diocese). Subject to the Pope Clergy and Religious Includes: Priests, Monks/Brothers, Nuns/Sisters. Laypeople Includes all un-ordained people

CHALLENGES FACING THE CHURCH Hard to define Church-State relationships:  Charlemagne said: Emperor controlled the Church, the pope’s job was to pray for it  Pope Nicholas I said: Pope governs the Church, the Emperor’s job is to protect it After Pope Leo III’s death in 816, wealthy Roman families saw papacy as “a personal prize to be passed among them” : mostly weak popes, but generally good men.

CORRUPTION WITHIN THE CHURCH Pope is seen as a political pawn rather than pious spiritual leader marked by weak or corrupt popes. 1.Lay investiture – Secular rulers were choosing bishops, priests, abbots and abbesses 2.Simony – The buying and selling of Church offices 3.Disregard for Celibacy – Many priests and bishops lived with women they weren’t married to and had children

CORRUPTION = OPPORTUNITY FOR REFORM Pope St. Gregory VII Born Hildebrand Was a Cluniac Monk and became pope at the age of 53 Extremely smart, hardworking, had an “iron will,” very energetic. Insisted on clerical celibacy Ended simony and lay investiture Wrote “Dictates of the Pope” 27 propositions that spelled out the relationship between papal and secular authority Major issues with Henry IV over lay investiture  Henry is excommunicated

LAY INVESTITURE CONTROVERSY- HENRY IV Holy Roman Emperor Henry IV - Appoints his own Bishop in Milan Pope St. Gregory VII – Warns the emperor then deposes and excommunicates Henry IV. "Hildebrand, no longer pope but a false monk" : — "I, Henry, king by the grace of God, with all my bishops say to thee: 'Descend! Descend, thou ever accursed.'“ – Henry IV Holy Roman Emperorpopefalsemonkgrace of Godbishops "I depose him from the government of the whole Kingdom of Germany and Italy, release all Christians from their oath of allegiance, forbid him to be obeyed as king... and as thy successor bind him with the fetters of anathema“ – Gregory VII. GermanyItalyChristiansoathanathema

LAY INVESTITURE CONTINUED " German Bishops own about 2/3 of land in Germany, Henry IV is stuck and must repent and ask for the Pope’s forgiveness. January 25, 1077 Henry IV goes to Canossa Italy to reconcile with the Pope. Gregory VII refuses to see the emperor and Henry IV waits outside in the snow for 3 days! At the prompting of an important monk Hugh of Cluny, Gregory VII receives Henry IV and takes away the excommunication. Symbolic victory for the Papacy- the Holy Roman Emperor succumbed to the Pope. However Henry IV a year later elects his own Pope Clement III (an anti-pope). Concordat of Worms – Ends the Investiture controversy. Popes and bishops are elected by the conclave.

MAKE YOUR OWN COAT OF ARMS 1. Last Name on banner 2. Motto 3. Design/Symbol(s) – should be representative of you or your family.

TEAMBUILDING TUESDAY Round Robin share with you your group what your plans are after you graduate?

TIMED ROUND ROBIN 1. THINK -30 sec. 2. Round Robin Discussion 20 sec each. Why is education important?

UNIVERSITY SYSTEM -Developed by the Catholic Church in the Middle Ages. -Having courses, professors, exams, and degrees was established by the Church -Distinction between undergraduate and graduate studies. -Students were granted special rights by the Pope, similar to the rights and benefits that clergy had. -Studied the liberal arts: grammar, logic, rhetoric, arithmetic, geometry, music, astronomy.

THE CHURCH AND THE UNIVERSITY SYSTEM -Universities were given charters by the Pope or the King. The Church played a pivotal role in encouraging Universities and education. “Some 81 universities had been established by the time of the Reformation. Of these 33 possessed a papal charter, 15 a royal or imperial one, 20 possessed both, and 13 had none” - Degrees from Papal backed schools were recognized everywhere in Christendom. Degrees from schools only backed by the King were only recognized in the Kingdom. -Students were give special legal status similar what clergy had had. -I.E. Cases in a special course, extremely severe crime to strike a student

“According to historian of science Edward Grant, the creation of the university, the commitment to reason and rational argument, and the overall spirit of inquiry that characterized medieval intellectual life amounted to "a gift from the Latin Middle Ages to the modern world…though it is a gift that may never be acknowledged”

FAMOUS MEDIEVAL UNIVERSITIES Oxford Cambridge Paris Padua, Krakow NAME THAT UNIVERSITY LOCATION!!!

EUROPE – UNIVERSITY OF PARIS

EUROPE – OXFORD UNIVERSITY

AMERICA – KANSAS UNIVERSITY

AMERICA – KANSAS STATE

America – Syracuse University

EUROPE – CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY

AMERICA – DUKE UNIVERSITY

EUROPE BOLOGNA UNIVERSITY

AMERICA – NC STATE UNIVERSITY

AMERICA – BELMONT ABBEY COLLEGE

Why do these Universities have similar architecture?

SCHOLASTICISM The system of theological and philosophical teaching predominant in the Middle Ages, based chiefly upon the authority of the church fathers and of Aristotle and his commentators. Narrow adherence to traditional teachings, doctrines, or methods. Characterized by a focus on reason and logic. Deep intellectual thought Thinking about, understanding and discussing theology, philosophy and reality. Important way of thinking that furthered Philosophy and Theology “How many angels can dance on the head of a pin?”

EARLY CHURCH REFORMS Cluny Duke William of Aquitaine gave a tract of land to the Church for a monastery under the leadership of Berno Intended to be a serious monastery and example of spiritual life in the midst of corruption Strictly observed the Rule of St. Benedict: emphasized prayer (Divine Office) Members of Cluny became highly influential: Artists, Activists, Political advisers, Promoters of the Truce of God Reforms stemming from Cluny = Cluniac Reforms

ST. THOMAS AQUINAS Patron Saint of Universities and Students. Wrote the Summa Theologica a 5 volume work on theology that was never finished. Became a Dominican and studied under St. Albert the Great. Nicknamed the “Dumb Ox” because of his large size and quiet shyness. Was actually a very intelligent and good student. Named a Doctor of the Church His work has been pivotal in the advancement of Theology and philosophy. Ex. Thomas 5 proofs for the existence of God!

WOULD YOU RATHER? Would you rather be in a stable unchanging comfortable community or a begging sojourner with a few good friends? Why?

BERNARD AND THE CISTERCIANS St. Bernard of Clairvaux – Dynamic character and leader. Helped bring about the popularity of the Cistercian Order Cistercian Order – Sought a more literal and simplistic interpretation of “The Rule of St. Benedict.” Focused on manual labor Cistercian derives from the town of Citeaux

NEW RELIGIOUS ORDERS Mendicants Wandering monks or friars who begged and lived very strict poverty  combating corruption Radical because for many becoming a religious was a way to get ahead in life (i.e., $ and education) Main examples:  Order of Preachers (Dominicans)  Order of Friars Minor (Franciscans)

ST. FRANCIS OF ASSISI Established the Order of the Friars Minor among other orders. Gave up his rich inheritance and opted for poverty. His poverty and example were very radical for this time. He gained many followers and began a very important movement within the Church.

ST. DOMINIC Preached against the Albigensians heresy Founded the Dominican Order

Known as “the teacher of everything there is to know. Patron St. of Scientists. Taught St. Thomas Aquinas Franciscan Friar Became leader of the Franciscans at 35. ST. ALBERT THE GREAT AND ST. BONAVENTURE

known for his theology on the Absolute Kingship of Jesus Christ, the Immaculate Conception of the Blessed Virgin Mary, and his philosophic refutation of evolution. Known as “Marian Doctor” BL. DONS SCOTUS The greatest Franciscan theologian in history.

THOMAS A. KEMPUS Wrote the Imitation of Christ. (1418). Written in conversation between Christ and disciple. “What most of all hinders heavenly consolation is that you are too slow in turning yourself to prayer”

GOTHIC ARCHITECTURE Developed by French Reflects the time and money that the medieval world invested in the praise of God. The Architecture serves a purpose. Brings one closer to God Shows praise and gives Glory to God Reveals the majesty and beauty of God. -defense-of-nice-churches.html

Thought for the Day: St. Albert the Great was convinced that all creation spoke of God and that the tiniest piece of scientific knowledge told us something about Him. Besides the Bible, God has given us the book of creation revealing something of His wisdom and power. In creation, Albert saw the hand of God.