PowerPoint Overheads for Sedra/Smith Microelectronic Circuits 5/e ©2004 Oxford University Press.

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Introduction to Electronics 3

Copyright  2004 by Oxford University Press, Inc. Microelectronic Circuits - Fifth Edition Sedra/Smith4 Figure 1.1 Two alternative representations of a signal source: (a) the Thévenin form, and (b) the Norton form.

Copyright  2004 by Oxford University Press, Inc. Microelectronic Circuits - Fifth Edition Sedra/Smith5 Figure 1.2 An arbitrary voltage signal v s (t).

Copyright  2004 by Oxford University Press, Inc. Microelectronic Circuits - Fifth Edition Sedra/Smith6 Figure 1.3 Sine-wave voltage signal of amplitude V a and frequency f = 1/T Hz. The angular frequency v = 2 p f rad/s.

Copyright  2004 by Oxford University Press, Inc. Microelectronic Circuits - Fifth Edition Sedra/Smith7 Figure 1.4 A symmetrical square-wave signal of amplitude V.

Copyright  2004 by Oxford University Press, Inc. Microelectronic Circuits - Fifth Edition Sedra/Smith8 Figure 1.5 The frequency spectrum (also known as the line spectrum) of the periodic square wave of Fig. 1.4.

Copyright  2004 by Oxford University Press, Inc. Microelectronic Circuits - Fifth Edition Sedra/Smith9 Figure 1.6 The frequency spectrum of an arbitrary waveform such as that in Fig. 1.2.

Copyright  2004 by Oxford University Press, Inc. Microelectronic Circuits - Fifth Edition Sedra/Smith10 Figure 1.7 Sampling the continuous-time analog signal in (a) results in the discrete-time signal in (b).

Copyright  2004 by Oxford University Press, Inc. Microelectronic Circuits - Fifth Edition Sedra/Smith11 Figure 1.8 Variation of a particular binary digital signal with time.

Copyright  2004 by Oxford University Press, Inc. Microelectronic Circuits - Fifth Edition Sedra/Smith12 Figure 1.9 Block-diagram representation of the analog-to-digital converter (ADC).

Copyright  2004 by Oxford University Press, Inc. Microelectronic Circuits - Fifth Edition Sedra/Smith13 Figure 1.10 (a) Circuit symbol for amplifier. (b) An amplifier with a common terminal (ground) between the input and output ports.

Copyright  2004 by Oxford University Press, Inc. Microelectronic Circuits - Fifth Edition Sedra/Smith14 Figure 1.11 (a) A voltage amplifier fed with a signal v I (t) and connected to a load resistance R L. (b) Transfer characteristic of a linear voltage amplifier with voltage gain A v.

Copyright  2004 by Oxford University Press, Inc. Microelectronic Circuits - Fifth Edition Sedra/Smith15

Copyright  2004 by Oxford University Press, Inc. Microelectronic Circuits - Fifth Edition Sedra/Smith16

Copyright  2004 by Oxford University Press, Inc. Microelectronic Circuits - Fifth Edition Sedra/Smith17 Figure 1.12 An amplifier that requires two dc supplies (shown as batteries) for operation.

Copyright  2004 by Oxford University Press, Inc. Microelectronic Circuits - Fifth Edition Sedra/Smith18 EXAMPLE 1.1 Input amplitude: Vi: 1V Ii: 0.1 mA Output amplitude: Vo: 9V 1 k  Power Supply  10V, 9.5 mA

Copyright  2004 by Oxford University Press, Inc. Microelectronic Circuits - Fifth Edition Sedra/Smith19

Copyright  2004 by Oxford University Press, Inc. Microelectronic Circuits - Fifth Edition Sedra/Smith20 Figure 1.13 An amplifier transfer characteristic that is linear except for output saturation.

Copyright  2004 by Oxford University Press, Inc. Microelectronic Circuits - Fifth Edition Sedra/Smith21 Figure 1.14 (a) An amplifier transfer characteristic that shows considerable nonlinearity. (b) To obtain linear operation the amplifier is biased as shown, and the signal amplitude is kept small. Observe that this amplifier is operated from a single power supply, V DD.

Copyright  2004 by Oxford University Press, Inc. Microelectronic Circuits - Fifth Edition Sedra/Smith22 EXAMPLE 1.2

Copyright  2004 by Oxford University Press, Inc. Microelectronic Circuits - Fifth Edition Sedra/Smith23 Figure 1.15 A sketch of the transfer characteristic of the amplifier of Example 1.2. Note that this amplifier is inverting (i.e., with a gain that is negative).

Copyright  2004 by Oxford University Press, Inc. Microelectronic Circuits - Fifth Edition Sedra/Smith24 Figure 1.16 Symbol convention employed throughout the book.

Copyright  2004 by Oxford University Press, Inc. Microelectronic Circuits - Fifth Edition Sedra/Smith25 Figure 1.17 (a) Circuit model for the voltage amplifier. (b) The voltage amplifier with input signal source and load.

Copyright  2004 by Oxford University Press, Inc. Microelectronic Circuits - Fifth Edition Sedra/Smith26 Figure 1.18 Three-stage amplifier for Example 1.3.

Copyright  2004 by Oxford University Press, Inc. Microelectronic Circuits - Fifth Edition Sedra/Smith27 EXAMPLE 1.3

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Copyright  2004 by Oxford University Press, Inc. Microelectronic Circuits - Fifth Edition Sedra/Smith31 Figure 1.19 (a) Small-signal circuit model for a bipolar junction transistor (BJT). (b) The BJT connected as an amplifier with the emitter as a common terminal between input and output (called a common-emitter amplifier). (c) An alternative small-signal circuit model for the BJT.

Copyright  2004 by Oxford University Press, Inc. Microelectronic Circuits - Fifth Edition Sedra/Smith32 EXAMPLE 1.4

Copyright  2004 by Oxford University Press, Inc. Microelectronic Circuits - Fifth Edition Sedra/Smith33

Copyright  2004 by Oxford University Press, Inc. Microelectronic Circuits - Fifth Edition Sedra/Smith34 Figure E1.20

Copyright  2004 by Oxford University Press, Inc. Microelectronic Circuits - Fifth Edition Sedra/Smith35 Figure 1.20 Measuring the frequency response of a linear amplifier. At the test frequency v, the amplifier gain is characterized by its magnitude (V o /V i ) and phase f.

Copyright  2004 by Oxford University Press, Inc. Microelectronic Circuits - Fifth Edition Sedra/Smith36 Figure 1.21 Typical magnitude response of an amplifier. |T( v )| is the magnitude of the amplifier transfer function—that is, the ratio of the output V o ( v ) to the input V i ( v ).

Copyright  2004 by Oxford University Press, Inc. Microelectronic Circuits - Fifth Edition Sedra/Smith37 Figure 1.22 Two examples of STC networks: (a) a low-pass network and (b) a high-pass network.

Copyright  2004 by Oxford University Press, Inc. Microelectronic Circuits - Fifth Edition Sedra/Smith38 Figure 1.23 (a) Magnitude and (b) phase response of STC networks of the low-pass type.

Copyright  2004 by Oxford University Press, Inc. Microelectronic Circuits - Fifth Edition Sedra/Smith39 Figure 1.24 (a) Magnitude and (b) phase response of STC networks of the high-pass type.

Copyright  2004 by Oxford University Press, Inc. Microelectronic Circuits - Fifth Edition Sedra/Smith40 Figure 1.25 Circuit for Example 1.5.

Copyright  2004 by Oxford University Press, Inc. Microelectronic Circuits - Fifth Edition Sedra/Smith41 EXAMPLE 1.5

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Copyright  2004 by Oxford University Press, Inc. Microelectronic Circuits - Fifth Edition Sedra/Smith45 Figure 1.26 Frequency response for (a) a capacitively coupled amplifier, (b) a direct-coupled amplifier, and (c) a tuned or bandpass amplifier.

Copyright  2004 by Oxford University Press, Inc. Microelectronic Circuits - Fifth Edition Sedra/Smith46 Figure 1.27 Use of a capacitor to couple amplifier stages.

Copyright  2004 by Oxford University Press, Inc. Microelectronic Circuits - Fifth Edition Sedra/Smith47 Figure E1.23

Copyright  2004 by Oxford University Press, Inc. Microelectronic Circuits - Fifth Edition Sedra/Smith48 Figure 1.28 A logic inverter operating from a dc supply V DD.

Copyright  2004 by Oxford University Press, Inc. Microelectronic Circuits - Fifth Edition Sedra/Smith49 Figure 1.29 Voltage transfer characteristic of an inverter. The VTC is approximated by three straightline segments. Note the four parameters of the VTC (V OH, V OL, V IL, and V IH ) and their use in determining the noise margins (NM H and NM L ).

Copyright  2004 by Oxford University Press, Inc. Microelectronic Circuits - Fifth Edition Sedra/Smith50 Figure 1.30 The VTC of an ideal inverter.

Copyright  2004 by Oxford University Press, Inc. Microelectronic Circuits - Fifth Edition Sedra/Smith51 Figure 1.31 (a) The simplest implementation of a logic inverter using a voltage-controlled switch; (b) equivalent circuit when v I is low; and (c) equivalent circuit when v I is high. Note that the switch is assumed to close when v I is high.

Copyright  2004 by Oxford University Press, Inc. Microelectronic Circuits - Fifth Edition Sedra/Smith52 Figure 1.32 A more elaborate implementation of the logic inverter utilizing two complementary switches. This is the basis of the CMOS inverter studied in Section 4.10.

Copyright  2004 by Oxford University Press, Inc. Microelectronic Circuits - Fifth Edition Sedra/Smith53 Figure 1.33 Another inverter implementation utilizing a double-throw switch to steer the constant current I EE to R C1 (when v I is high) or R C2 (when v I is low). This is the basis of the emitter-coupled logic (ECL) studied in Chapters 7 and 11.

Copyright  2004 by Oxford University Press, Inc. Microelectronic Circuits - Fifth Edition Sedra/Smith54

Copyright  2004 by Oxford University Press, Inc. Microelectronic Circuits - Fifth Edition Sedra/Smith55 Figure 1.34 Example 1.6: (a) The inverter circuit after the switch opens (i.e., for t  0  ). (b) Waveforms of v I and v O. Observe that the switch is assumed to operate instantaneously. v O rises exponentially, starting at V OL and heading toward V OH.

Copyright  2004 by Oxford University Press, Inc. Microelectronic Circuits - Fifth Edition Sedra/Smith56 EXAMPLE 1.6

Copyright  2004 by Oxford University Press, Inc. Microelectronic Circuits - Fifth Edition Sedra/Smith57 Figure 1.35 Definitions of propagation delays and transition times of the logic inverter.

Copyright  2004 by Oxford University Press, Inc. Microelectronic Circuits - Fifth Edition Sedra/Smith58 Figure P1.6

Copyright  2004 by Oxford University Press, Inc. Microelectronic Circuits - Fifth Edition Sedra/Smith59 Figure P1.10

Copyright  2004 by Oxford University Press, Inc. Microelectronic Circuits - Fifth Edition Sedra/Smith60 Figure P1.14

Copyright  2004 by Oxford University Press, Inc. Microelectronic Circuits - Fifth Edition Sedra/Smith61 Figure P1.15

Copyright  2004 by Oxford University Press, Inc. Microelectronic Circuits - Fifth Edition Sedra/Smith62 Figure P1.16

Copyright  2004 by Oxford University Press, Inc. Microelectronic Circuits - Fifth Edition Sedra/Smith63 Figure P1.17

Copyright  2004 by Oxford University Press, Inc. Microelectronic Circuits - Fifth Edition Sedra/Smith64 Figure P1.18

Copyright  2004 by Oxford University Press, Inc. Microelectronic Circuits - Fifth Edition Sedra/Smith65 Figure P1.37

Copyright  2004 by Oxford University Press, Inc. Microelectronic Circuits - Fifth Edition Sedra/Smith66 Figure P1.58

Copyright  2004 by Oxford University Press, Inc. Microelectronic Circuits - Fifth Edition Sedra/Smith67 Figure P1.63

Copyright  2004 by Oxford University Press, Inc. Microelectronic Circuits - Fifth Edition Sedra/Smith68 Figure P1.65

Copyright  2004 by Oxford University Press, Inc. Microelectronic Circuits - Fifth Edition Sedra/Smith69 Figure P1.67

Copyright  2004 by Oxford University Press, Inc. Microelectronic Circuits - Fifth Edition Sedra/Smith70 Figure P1.68

Copyright  2004 by Oxford University Press, Inc. Microelectronic Circuits - Fifth Edition Sedra/Smith71 Figure P1.72

Copyright  2004 by Oxford University Press, Inc. Microelectronic Circuits - Fifth Edition Sedra/Smith72 Figure P1.77

Copyright  2004 by Oxford University Press, Inc. Microelectronic Circuits - Fifth Edition Sedra/Smith73 Figure P1.79

Copyright  2004 by Oxford University Press, Inc. Microelectronic Circuits - Fifth Edition Sedra/Smith74 Table 1.1 The Four Amplifier Types