~ THE PROTESTANT REFORMATION CONTINUES~

Spread of Protestantism Luther’s stand against the church opened the door for others Differing ideas on religious matters were put forth As Lutheranism arose in Germany, new religious movements began in Switzerland and other places in Europe

England Breaks away from Catholicism for personal and political reasons King Henry VIII (“Defender of the Faith” against Protestants)  Needs a male heir  Wants to divorce his wife  The pope will not annul the marriage HENRY VIII / CATHERINE OF ARAGON / MARY TUDOR / SON? ANNULMENT / POPE SAYS NO HOLY ROMAN EMPEROR, CHARLES V IS HER NEPHEW

Henry VIII’s Children 1510 Daughter - died 1511 Son - died 1513 Son - died 1514 Son - died 1516 Mary - survived 1518 Daughter - died 1533 Elizabeth - survived 1534 Son - died 1535 unknown - died 1536 Son - died 1537 Edward - survived

Act of Supremacy 1533  Henry calls Parliament together  Makes a law to divorce his wife  Marries Anne Boleyn  Gives birth to daughter Elizabeth – no son 1534  Henry VIII becomes the head of England’s new Church  The Pope holds no more power in England  NEW CHURCH CALLED THE ANGLICAN CHURCH  CATHOLIC FORMS OF WORSHIP STAY THE SAME  Closed monasteries, convents – gave land to noble Supremacy

Edward VI Last name: Tudor Last name: Tudor Reign: Reign: Inherits the throne at age 10 Inherits the throne at age 10 Mother: Jane Seymour (third wife of Henry VIII) Mother: Jane Seymour (third wife of Henry VIII) His decisions are made by his regent, Duke of Somerset. His decisions are made by his regent, Duke of Somerset. The Duke introduced Protestant Reforms to the English Church. The Duke introduced Protestant Reforms to the English Church.

Edward died young; sister Mary (daughter of Catherine) becomes Queen of England  Returns England to authority of pope  MARY TUDOR (CATHOLIC) VS.ELIZABETH (PROTESTANT)  Protestants burned at the stake, becomes known as “Bloody Mary”  Dies and Elizabeth becomes queen The Search for an Heir Continues

Tower Green: Where Anne Boleyn was Executed

Tower of London

Tower of London: The Bloody Tower

Queen Elizabeth I ( ) Re-establishes the church of England- Anglican (a blend of Catholic and Protestant) Very talented at playing the game of politics Defeats the Spanish Armada  Builds up the navy Made England the third strongest power Expanded British territory Educated but forceful / Absolute Ruler Supported the arts Refused marriage: the “virgin queen”  The colony of Virginia is named after her Died without an heir!!!

Map of Europe in 1560

Puritan Hugeunots Presbyterian

 started in Switzerland – Calvinists  England = Puritans  Scotland = Presbyterians  Holland = Dutch Reform  France = Huguenots  Germany = Reform Church

 Anti-Catholic  Influenced by Martin Luther  8 years old at the time of the 95 theses  Disagreed with Luther’s “Salvation through faith alone.”  Created his own Protestant religion in Switzerland  Believed ideal government was theocracy (government run by religious leaders)

 Calvin believed in:  Salvation through Predestination  At birth it is decided if you will go to heaven or hell  Idea that God knows since the beginning of time who will be saved, he guides the lives of those destined for salvation  Nothing can be done to change predestined end

 Purified approach to life:  No drinking, swearing, card playing, gambling etc..

Calvinism Spreads John Knox—Takes ideas to Scotland  Starts the Presbyterian Church France—Calvinists teachings take on a new name—Huguenots Anabaptists—Only those old enough to understand religion should be baptized.  People should only be baptized as adults  Church and state should be separate  Refused to fight in wars  Persecuted by both Catholics and other Protestant

AS PROTESTANT REFORMERS DIVIDED OVER BELIEFS, THE CATHOLIC CHURCH MADE REFORMS. The Reformation Continues

Catholic “Counter” Reformation Pope Paul III’s reforms  Investigate selling of indulgences  Missionaries to convert people to Catholicism  Stop spread of Protestant faiths  Approved the Jesuit order  Founded schools around Europe  Convert non-Christians  Stop the spread of Protestantism

Reforming the Papacy Paul III calls together the Council of Trent—  REAFFIRMED CATHOLIC VIEWS  Church’s interpretation of the Bible was final  Christians need faith for salvations  Indulgences were valid expressions of faith  Need good works AND faith to win salvation  Church and Bible were equal in setting out guidelines  End abuses in the church – stiff penalties for being corrupt and living a lavish lifestyle

CATHOLIC “ COUNTER” REFORMATION II. INQUISITION 1. CHURCH COURT- ROOT OUT HERESIES 2. SECRET TESTIMONY, TORTURE, EXECUTION 3. INDEX OF FORBIDDEN BOOKS * Venice burns 10,000 books in a day! III. PERSECUTION 1. PROTESTANTS VS. CATHOLICS 2. INQUISITION 3. WITCH HUNTS 4. JEWS (GHETTO, EXPELLED, RESTRICTIONS)

Legacy of the Reformation Religious and Social Effects Protestant churches flourished Catholic Church more unified More emphasis on education Political Effects Overall decline in authority of Church Individual monarchs and states gained power Development of nation- states Laid the groundwork for the Enlightenment

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