Chapter 31 Notes New Nations Emerge

The Indian Subcontinent Achieves Freedom Indian leader Mohandas Gandhi launched a nonviolent campaign of noncooperation with the British.

The Indian Subcontinent Achieves Freedom The Muslim League and the Indian Congress were united in their fight to free India from the British, but disliked each other. There was a lot of violence between the two groups.

The Indian Subcontinent Achieves Freedom When India gained its freedom, it was partitioned into a Hindu dominated India and a Muslim dominated West Pakistan (now Pakistan) and East Pakistan (now Bangladesh)

The Indian Subcontinent Achieves Freedom Muslims and Hindus continue to fight over the area of Kashmir as it is a resource rich region. Its ruler was Hindu, but the majority of its population was Muslim.

The Indian Subcontinent Achieves Freedom India and Pakistan both possess nuclear weapons. Nuclear proliferation worries the world. “Yoo hoo! Look everybody! I’ve got one too!” Who or what is really in control in this picture?

The Indian Subcontinent Achieves Freedom Bangladesh, formerly East Pakistan is one of the world’s poorest countries.

Bangladesh suffers from natural disasters such as tsunamis which make economic development difficult.tsunamis

The Indian Subcontinent Achieves Freedom Sri Lanka faced civil war between the Tamil Tigers who wanted a separate homeland for themselves (self- determination) away from the Sinhalese- Buddhist majority.

Nonalignment India and Pakistan followed a policy of nonalignment during the Cold War – political and diplomatic independence from both the US and the Soviet Union. This allowed them to receive aid from both sides.

Self-Determination Self-determination is a form of nationalism in which a group desires to run its own country.

Self-determination Indian Sikhs also demanded their own homeland in Punjab

Self-determination The Kurds were split in to four countries. They also demanded their own homeland in the late 1900’s. They were denied basic human rights in the countries in which they were a minority.

Self-determination In Iraq, the Kurds were victims of genocide under the direction of Saddam Hussein who was put on trial, convicted and executed for Crimes Against Humanity because of it.Kurds

Forces of Modernization versus Tradition In modern India, discrimination based on caste continues, despite its being illegal.

Forces of Modernization versus Tradition In Afghanistan, many Islamic Fundamentalists backed Al Qaeda under the Taliban government until the US invaded it after the 9/11 terrorist attacks.

Osama Bin Laden’s Speech Military aid daily to Israel and Palestinians

Fundamental Islam In countries such as Iran, Fundamentalist Islamists rule the country. There is conflict between the forces of westernization and these religious rulers.

“Modern” Iran In Iran, Shah Reza Pahlavi had westernized and modernized it. Not everyone liked the changes in Iran

Fundamental Iran Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini returned it to a theocracy upon his return from exile.

Fundamental Iran His government was a theocracy – a government based on religion. Iran’s government was based on the religion of Islam. He took women’s rights away.

Fundamental Iran The new government disliked the changes the Shah had made and hated all things western. Women’s right to vote was taken away and 52 hostages (American) were held for over a year.

Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries OPEC was formed in OPEC members included Ecuador, Venezuela, Algeria, Libya, Saudi Arabia, Iraq, the UAE, and Iran and others.

Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries OPEC controls the price and supply of oil and petroleum on the world market.

African Nationalist Leaders Kwame Nkrumah led the nationalist/independen ce movement in the Gold Coast. They renamed themselves Ghana after independence to honor their ancient past.

African Nationalist Leaders Jomo Kenyatta led the independence nationalist movement in Kenya

African Nationalist Leaders The Mau Mau Rebellion in Kenya was a guerilla effort to get foreigners out of Kenya in Africa. Similar to Sepoy Rebellion in India (Asia) and Boxer Rebellion in China (Asia)

Israel/Palestine Zionists were nationalists who desired a homeland in the Middle East for Jews.

Israel/Palestine The UN divided up Palestine after World War II. Israel was created for the Jews. The remainder of Palestine was for the Arabs.

Israel/Palestine The Jews accepted the plan, the Arabs did not. Several wars have been fought and several peace attempts have been made.

Israel/Palestine The Camp David Accords, the Oslo Accords and the Road Map to Peace are examples of peace attempts

Israel/Palestine Palestinians want their own homeland in the Middle East still.

Israel/Palestine Conflicts happen because both groups, Jews and Muslims, have historic ties to the same region.