5-1 Chapter 5: Attachment Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.

5-2 What is Attachment? Attachment: Is a complex, on-going process Involves a responsiveness to an infant Involves a closeness to an infant Is an affectionate bond that forms between individuals that endures through space and time Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.

5-3 Brain Research The basic building blocks of the brain include: Neurons: The basic building blocks Axon: Output fiber of a neuron Dendrite: Input fiber of a neuron Synapses: Connections formed through experiences Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.

5-4 Brain Research Unused synapses are pruned. Used synapses are maintained. Early experiences help to form stable pathways. Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.

5-5 Attachment How does attachment to caregivers differ from attachment to parents? Caregivers know the attachment is for a shorter period. Caregiver attachment starts later in life. Caregiver attachment is secondary to parent attachment. Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.

5-6 Milestones of Attachment Milestones of attachment include: Trying to follow a departing parent Crying Pulling away from strangers Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.

5-7 Milestones of Attachment Extremely close infant-adult relationships are formed through mutually-responsive behavior, including: Touching Feeding Fondling Eye contact How is autonomy related to attachment? Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.

5-8 Toddler Separation Issues Securely attached toddlers may have difficulty with separation. Ways to assist caregivers in helping parents with separation include: Allow the child his or her feelings Help the parent leave immediately when good-byes are said Discourage the parent from “sneaking away” Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.

5-9 Toddler Separation Issues During separation, remind parents that secondary attachments to caregivers are in addition to parental attachments—they do not replace them. Parents and family members are superstars in the toddler’s eyes! Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.

5-10 Measuring Attachment Mary Ainsworth created the strange situation to measure attachment between mother and child. Securely attached infants and toddlers seem comfortable in a new setting and explore independently as long as the parent is present. Insecure avoidant attachment is indicative of children who do not seek closeness to the parent nor seem depressed when the parent departs. Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.

5-11 Measuring Attachment Insecure ambivalent attachment patterns involve positive and negative reactions to parents. Disorganized-disoriented patterns of behavior are evidenced by children who approach the parent while looking away at the same time. These 4 descriptions of attachment focus only on mother and child attachment, and are based on research from the 1970’s. A lot has changed since then! How might a child’s attachment behavior be misinterpreted? Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.

5-12 Measuring Attachment Children from some cultures may live in extended families and have multiple attachments. Children and their families come in many varieties! Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.

5-13 Attachment Issues Some infants are born without a strong set of attachment behaviors. Adults may find it hard to interact with these children. Caregivers need to find ways to work with these children. Caring for more than 12 babies in one caregiving environment works against developing attachment with each child. Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.

5-14 Attachment Issues A primary-caregiver system helps promote attachment. If a baby has no attachment or negative attachment: Families and caregivers should try working together to promote attachment. Outside help may be necessary if the child does not respond to other interventions. Without help, these children may fail to thrive, may become passive, and may lack trust. Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.

5-15 Attachment Issues Infants need ongoing, reciprocal, responsive interactions to promote attachment. Remember: Exemplary infant child care that promotes attachment helps children gain a sense of security and trust. Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.

5-16 Children with Special Needs What is early intervention? The process of identifying young children with disabilities or “at risk for developing disabilities. Creating a plan for supports so children can achieve their full potential. Plan focuses on developmental needs of the child. A multidisciplinary approach. Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.

5-17 Children with Special Needs The laws that guide early intervention: Education for All Handicapped Children Act (1975) Education of the Handicapped Act (1986) Individuals with Disabilities Education Improvement Act (2004) Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.

5-18 Children with Special Needs Benefits and challenges of early intervention: It can support young children with disabilities early in their development in overcoming obstacles. Recognizing the difference between temporary and permanent delays and differences. Assisting families in their efforts to find the most appropriate resources. Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.

5-19 Online Learning Center See Chapter 5 of the text’s Online Learning Center for chapter quizzes, Theory Into Action activities, Video Observations, and more. Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.