Abnormal Psychology A.K.A. Psychological Disorders A “harmful dysfunction” in which behavior is judged to be atypical, disturbing, maladaptive and unjustifiable.

Perspectives and Disorders Psychological School/PerspectiveCause of the Disorder Psychoanalytic/PsychodynamicInternal, unconscious drives HumanisticFailure to strive to one’s potential or being out of touch with one’s feelings. BehavioralReinforcement history, the environment. CognitiveIrrational, dysfunctional thoughts or ways of thinking. SocioculturalDysfunctional Society Biomedical/NeuroscienceOrganic problems, biochemical imbalances, genetic predispositions.

DSM V Diagnostic Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders: the big book of disorders. DSM V will classify disorders and describe the symptoms. DSM V will NOT explain the causes or possible cures.

Two Major Classifications in the DSM Neurotic Disorders Distressing but one can still function in society and act rationally. Psychotic Disorders Person loses contact with reality, experiences distorted perceptions. John Wayne Gacy

Anxiety Disorders a group of conditions where the primary symptoms are anxiety or defenses against anxiety. the patient fears something awful will happen to them. They are in a state of intense apprehension, uneasiness, uncertainty, or fear.

Phobias A person experiences sudden episodes of intense dread. Must be an irrational fear. Phobia List

Generalized Anxiety Disorder GAD An anxiety disorder in which a person is continuously tense, apprehensive and in a state of autonomic nervous system arousal. The patient is constantly tense and worried, feels inadequate, is oversensitive, can’t concentrate and suffers from insomnia.

Panic Disorder An anxiety disorder marked by a minutes- long episode of intense dread in which a person experiences terror and accompanying chest pain, choking and other frightening sensations.

Obsessive-compulsive disorder Persistent unwanted thoughts (obsessions) cause someone to feel the need (compulsion) to engage in a particular action. Obsession about dirt and germs may lead to compulsive hand washing.

Post-traumatic Stress Disorder a.k.a. PTSD Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) can occur after someone goes through a traumatic event like combat, assault, or disaster. Most people have some stress reactions after a trauma. If the reactions don't go away over time or disrupt your life, you may have PTSD. Symptoms: 1.Reliving the event 2.Avoiding situations that remind you of the event 3.Negative changes in beliefs and feelings 4.Hyperarousal

Somatoform Disorders Occur when a person manifests a psychological problem through a physiological symptom. Two types……

Hypochondriasis Has frequent physical complaints for which medical doctors are unable to locate the cause. They usually believe that the minor issues (headache, upset stomach) are indicative are more severe illnesses.

Conversion Disorder Conversion disorder, also called functional neurological symptom disorder, is a condition in which you show psychological stress in physical ways. The condition was so named to describe a health problem that starts as a mental or emotional crisis — a scary or stressful incident of some kind — and converts to a physical problem. Pol Pot

Dissociative Disorders These disorders involve a disruption in the conscious process. Three types….

Psychogenic Amnesia A person cannot remember things with no physiological basis for the disruption in memory. Retrograde Amnesia NOT organic amnesia. Organic amnesia can be retrograde or anterograde.

Dissociative Fugue People with psychogenic amnesia that find themselves in an unfamiliar environment. The word fugue comes from the Latin word for "flight." People with dissociative fugue temporarily lose their sense of personal identity and impulsively wander or travel away from their homes or places of work. They often become confused about who they are and might even create new identities. Outwardly, people with this disorder show no signs of illness, such as a strange appearance or odd behavior.

Dissociative Identity Disorder Used to be known as Multiple Personality Disorder. Controversial among psychologists A person has several rather than one integrated personality. People with DID commonly have a history of childhood abuse or trauma.

Mood Disorders Experience extreme or inappropriate emotion.

Major Depression A.K.A. unipolar depression Unhappy for at least two weeks with no apparent cause. Depression is the common cold of psychological disorders.

Seasonal Affective Disorder Experience depression during the winter months. Based not on temperature, but on amount of sunlight. Treated with light therapy.

Bipolar Disorder Formally manic depression. Involves periods of depression and manic episodes. Manic episodes involve feelings of high energy (but they tend to differ a lot…some get confident and some get irritable). Engage in risky behavior during the manic episode.

Personality Disorders Well-established, maladaptive ways of behaving that negatively affect people’s ability to function. Dominates their personality.

Antisocial Personality Disorder Lack of empathy. Little regard for other’s feelings. View the world as hostile and look out for themselves. Indifference to moral or legal standards. Excessive drinking, fighting, and irresponsibility. Manipulative, exploitive actions.

Dependent Personality Disorder Rely too much on the attention and help of others. Inability to make decisions Avoidance of adult responsibilities Intense fear of abandonment Oversensitivity to criticism

Histrionic Personality Disorder Needs to be the center of attention. Whether acting silly or dressing provocatively. Self-esteem depends on the approval of others. Intense, unstable emotions and distorted self image. Impulsive Sensitivity to criticism Threaten or attempt suicide for attention.

Narcissistic Personality Disorder Self centered or boastful Seek constant attention and admiration. Believe they are better than others. Exaggerate their talents and achievements. Believe they are entitled.

Obsessive –Compulsive Personality Disorder Obsessive neatness, perfectionism, and worrying. Preoccupied with lists, rules, and organization. The disorder interferes with productivity. Inflexible in matters regarding morals, ethics, or values. Can not discard worn out things. Reluctant to delegate tasks.

Paranoid Personality Disorder Always on guard; believe others are out to get them Doubt the commitment, loyalty, or trustworthiness of others, believing others are using or deceiving them Are unforgiving and hold grudges Read hidden meanings in the innocent remarks or casual looks of others Are hostile, stubborn, and argumentative Have recurrent suspicions, without reason, that their spouses or lovers are being unfaithful

Borderline Personality Disorder Characterized by intense mood swings, impulsive behaviors, and low self-worth. Harmful impulsive behaviors (substance abuse, binge eating, out- of-control spending, risky sexual behavior) Relationship problems (people are good or bad) Violent temper tantrums Suicide attempts or ideation Hurting oneself (cutting or burning)

Schizoid Personality Disorder Reclusive behavior; try to avoid contact with others They do not desire or enjoy close relationships, even with family members. They choose solitary jobs and activities. They take pleasure in few activities, including sex. They have no close friends, except first-degree relatives. They have difficulty relating to others. They are indifferent to praise or criticism. They are aloof and show little emotion.

Schizophrenic Disorders About 1 in every 100 people are diagnosed with schizophrenia. Symptoms of Schizophrenia 1.Disorganized thinking. 2.Disturbed Perceptions 3.Inappropriate Emotions and Actions

Disorganized Thinking The thinking of a person with Schizophrenia is fragmented and bizarre and distorted with false beliefs. Disorganized thinking comes from a breakdown in selective attention.- they cannot filter out information.

Delusions (false beliefs) Delusions of Persecution Delusions of Grandeur

Disturbed Perceptions hallucinations- sensory experiences without sensory stimulation.

Inappropriate Emotions and Actions Laugh at inappropriate times. Flat Effect Senseless, compulsive acts. Catatonia- motionless Waxy Flexibility

Positive v. Negative Symptoms Positive Symptoms Presence of psychotic symptoms: Delusions, Hallucinations Negative Symptoms Disruption to normal emotions and behaviors: Flat affect

Types of Schizophrenia

Disorganized Schizophrenia disorganized speech or behavior, or flat or inappropriate emotion. Clang associations "Imagine the worst Systematic, sympathetic Quite pathetic, apologetic, paramedic Your heart is prosthetic"

Paranoid Schizophrenia Signs and symptoms of paranoid schizophrenia may include: Auditory hallucinations, such as hearing voices Delusions, such as believing a co- worker wants to poison you Anxiety Anger Emotional distance Violence Argumentativeness Self-important or condescending manner Suicidal thoughts and behavior With paranoid schizophrenia, you're less likely to be affected by mood problems or problems with thinking, concentration and attention. Dr. John Forbes Nash Jr. is a Nobel Prize-winning mathematician known for his genius as well as his paranoid schizophrenia. The focus of his theories involved forces that govern chance, many of which are still used today. A Beautiful Mind

Catatonic Schizophrenia Physical immobility. Excessive mobility. Extreme resistance. Peculiar movements. Mimicking speech or movement. You may repeatedly say a word just spoken by someone else (echolalia) or repeatedly copy a gesture or movement made by someone else (echopraxia).

Undifferentiated Schizophrenia Many and varied Symptoms.

Other Disorders Paraphilias (pedophilia, zoophilia, hybristophilia) Fetishism sadist, masochist Eating Disorders Substance use disorders ADHD

Therapy It used to be that if someone exhibited abnormal behavior, they were institutionalized. Because of new drugs and better therapy, the U.S. went to a policy of deinstitutionalization.

Psychoanalytic Therapy Psychoanalysis (manifest and latent content through…. hypnosis free association, dream, interpretation). Unconscious Transference Other therapies will result in symptom substitution.

Humanistic Therapy Client-Centered Therapy by Carl Rogers These are non-directive therapies and use active listening. Self-actualization, free- will and unconditional positive regard. Gestalt Therapy by Fritz Perls encourage clients to get in touch with whole self.

Behavioral Therapies Counterconditioning Classical Conditioning 1.Aversive Conditioning 2.Systematic desensitization 3.Flooding Operant Conditioning Token Economy

Cognitive Therapy Change the way we view the world (change our schemas) Aaron Beck Albert Ellis and Rational Emotive Therapy

Somatic Therapies Psychopharmacology Antipsychotics (thorazine, haldol) Anti-anxiety (valium, barbiturates, Xanax) Mood Disorders (serotonin reuptake inhibitors) Bipolar (lithium)

Somatic Therapy Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT)- for depression. Psychosurgury 1.Prefontal lobotomy

Group Therapy