CHAPTER FIVE: DECLINE OF CLASSICAL CIVILIZATIONS AP World History University High

Due to large-scale empires, volume and distance of trade increased 1)Indian Ocean Trade East Africa to Southern China Items traded: Chinese pottery, Indian spices, and Indian/African ivory Depended on monsoons and currents; lateen (triangular) sail developed to maneuver; small boats CLASSICAL TRADE

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Due to large-scale empires, volume and distance of trade increased 2) Silk Road Trade Han China to Mediterranean Exchange of Western/Eastern goods, religions, technology (horse stirrup), disease Caravanserai (inns) develop CLASSICAL TRADE

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Due to large-scale empires, volume and distance of trade increased 3) Trans-Saharan Trade (pre-Islamic) Across the Sahara: camels (1 st c. CE) and camel saddle Items traded: salt, palm oil, olives, wheat, wild animals, slaves CLASSICAL TRADE

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 Territorial expansion  Efforts to integrate new territories (Rome, India, Han) Create territorial and social cohesion  Unification China (centralization; Confucianism) India (religious values) Greece (cultural achievements) Rome (citizenship)  Decline COMMON THEMES IN CLASSICAL CIVILIZATIONS

 Expansion Mauryans expanded to almost all of Indian subcontinent Guptas used localized governments in new territories  Integration Used Hinduism to expand (Buddhism unappealing) Used the caste system to create social distinctions  Decline Invasions by White Huns Decentralization grew weak; independent kingdoms created After 600, Islam enters India CLASSICAL INDIA

 Expansion West and south, rice-growing regions  Integration One language (written and spoken) Strong centralized government (Qin and Han)  Decline 100 CE – 220 CE Heavy taxes; poor harvests; weak emperors Nomadic invasions by Huns (Xiongnu) and other nomadic tribes 184 CE: Yellow Turban Rebellion Three Kingdoms Era (disorder and political decentralization), then Sui dynasty by 589 CE CLASSICAL CHINA

 Expansion Expansion was cultural, rather than territorial  Integration Use of common language Persian War helped to integrate city-states, unite against common enemy  Decline Ultimately defaulted to city-state identity, geographic unity is challenging Peloponnesian War weakened Athens Macedonian invasion weakened all city-states Greek culture (Hellenism) continued CLASSICAL GREECE

 Expansion Massive expansion under Roman Republic  Integration Cultural tolerance, common law, and citizenship (males) for conquered peoples Allowed regional diversity  Decline Golden Age ended 180 CE Decline was complex (economy, plague, leadership, latifundia, invasions) Split of East and West (4 th century) CLASSICAL ROME

Buddhism – Rejected by Gupta India – Rapid expansion into Southeast and East Asia Christianity – Rapid emergence and expansion into Mediterranean and Europe – 313 CE: Constantine issued Edict of Milan to permit Christianity in Rome RELIGION DURING THE CLASSICAL DECLINE

Islam – 610 CE: Created by Muhammad – Religion spread rapidly through conversions – Empire spread through conquering Hinduism – Supported by Gupta India – Supported by caste system RELIGION DURING THE CLASSICAL DECLINE (CONT.)

All major religions saw an increase in participants – Why? Chaos of classical decline caused people to gravitate towards a religion that focused upon afterlife, leaving chaos of current world behind, and salvation Religions spread through missionaries (monks, nuns), merchants RELIGION DURING THE CLASSICAL DECLINE, CONT.

Belief systems affected gender roles – Change in women’s roles: Christian and Buddhist nuns were able to exercise power and influence within their communities Other religions continued outside of core civilizations – Shamanism and animism – Ancestor veneration RELIGION DURING THE CLASSICAL DECLINE, CONT.

Japan – Developed in great isolation Language is unrelated to Chinese – As populations grew, communities were separated by mountainous terrain – Eventually developed into various aristocratic clans – Agricultural; excellent iron-work – Shintoism developed: “way of the gods,” animistic religion (spirits are imbedded within nature) OTHER CLASSICAL CIVILIZATIONS

Polynesia – People originated from Southeast Asia – Remarkable migrations (gradual) – Between 1500 BCE BCE: Migration to islands (Fiji, Samoa) – Continued to move to Hawaii by CE using giant canoes POLYNESIAN COMMUNITIES

Polynesia – Isolated development, and no written records – Highly stratified class system under powerful kings – Agricultural communities, limited technology – Cultivated transplanted foods and domesticated animals as they moved POLYNESIAN COMMUNITIES (CONT.)

Olmecs (1500 BCE – 100 BCE) – First major civilization in Mexico; “mother civilization” – 800 BCE: Settled in Central Mexican river valley – Agriculture (corn, potatoes) – Domesticated animals – Religious statues (Olmec heads) – Disappeared by 100 BCE MESOAMERICAN CIVILIZATIONS

Maya (2000 BCE – 900 CE) – On Mexican peninsula by 400 CE – Most advanced culture in region – Pyramid shaped temples – Only writing system of Meso-America – Religion was very complex MESOAMERICAN CIVILIZATIONS