State-level policies to improve job quality Collective bargaining / unionization Minimum wage, living wage Child-care subsidies Health care plans, including Medicaid Laws requiring unpaid or paid time off Requirements tied to economic development subsidies

A note on the legal framework for employment benefits in the U.S. Labor market regulation in the U.S. is gender-neutral. Federal anti-discrimination laws require equal treatment. Employers may voluntarily offer sex-specific benefits in limited circumstances, like paid maternity leave.

State-level policies to move women into non-traditional occupations Requirements tied to economic development subsidies Special community college programs targeted at women Funding of non-profit programs targeted at women Federal Women in Apprenticeship and Nontraditional Occupations (WANTO) program ended in 2003

Partners in training for non-traditional occupations Community colleges Non-profit organizations committed to increasing women’s access to non-traditional occupations Local business groups looking for new workers Faith-based organizations helping women achieve economic security Some government agencies will provide funding

Programs to introduce schoolgirls and community college students to the trades

Non-profits working to increase economic security of welfare recipients, low-wage workers, individuals leaving jail, or the unemployed may have special NTO programs for women. Professional associations for women in science, engineering, and math have programs to recruit and retain highly educated women and attract schoolgirls.

Designing Job Training Program in Your Own Country Main problems with women’s employment  Ideal local programs? What do you need to design these programs? (1) available resources (2) additional resources required (3) major barriers