Anna FLESSA, Dipl.-Ing. Researcher of KEPA Aliki – Nefeli MAVRAKI, MSc. Researcher of Climate Change unit, KEPA National and Kapodistrian University of Athens – Energy Policy and Development Centre Integrating distributed standby generators in a Virtual Power Plant

Contents 2 1. Objective 2. Benefits 3. Organization ( 2 ) 4. Investment Costs 5. Operation Costs 6. Funding 7. Implementation Stages National and Kapodistrian University of Athens – Energy Policy and Development Centre

Objective 3 Organization, installation and operation of a VPP consisting of the already installed standby generators (G/S) to public and private facilities National and Kapodistrian University of Athens – Energy Policy and Development Centre

Benefits 4 1. Formation of peak reserve 2. Offset the intermittency of RES production 3. Low investment costs 4. Familiarization with “smart grids” National and Kapodistrian University of Athens – Energy Policy and Development Centre

Organization (1/2) 5 1. A fully automated (remote-management, financial statement) Control Centre (CC) in communication with the System Operator (SO) and the geographically distributed generators (G/S) 2. G/S of different installed capacity equipped with devices of sync, remote management and hierarchical operation National and Kapodistrian University of Athens – Energy Policy and Development Centre

Organization (2/2) 6 System Operator Load Reserve Power Flow Virtual Power Plant Meter … Control Centre G/S 1 G/S 2 G/S ν Access & Activation Software Communication Protocol Power Flow National and Kapodistrian University of Athens – Energy Policy and Development Centre

Investment Costs 7 1. Zero cost of purchasing and installing G/S 2. Cost of the establishment of VPP operating entity 3. Cost of purchasing and installing automation for remote management, synchronization device, hierarchical operation per G/S 4. Cost of setting up Control Centre (Building, Building- Mechanical-Electronic equipment, software) National and Kapodistrian University of Athens – Energy Policy and Development Centre

Operation Costs 8 1. Commercial operation 2. Control Centre operation and maintenance 3. Availability of standby G/S (maintenance and operation) 4. Overheads National and Kapodistrian University of Athens – Energy Policy and Development Centre

Funding 9 1. Tariff policy (price per kWh, duration of contracts) Tariff policy 2. Funds from private sector or EU 3. Governmental subsidy National and Kapodistrian University of Athens – Energy Policy and Development Centre

Case of G/S with standby capacity 500 kVA 10 Case of G/S operation costs* Continuous Power 450 kVA with a power factor 0,8: 360 kW Hours: 10 hours / day Electricity: 3600 kWh / day Fuel consumption: 80 lt / hour Fuel price: 1,30 € / lt Fuel Cost per day: 1040 € Maintenance costs per day: 5,34 € * They do not include the G/S administration and reserve costs Operating costs per kWh: ≈ 0,29 € Case of depreciation of € investment (46.000€ G/S cost € equipment cost ) Annual Electricity Generation : kWh (3600kWh/d x 360d) Annual operation costs*: € * They do not include VPP operation & reserve costs Tariff (€/kWh) Annual profit (€) Depreciation time (years) IRR (%) 0, , , National and Kapodistrian University of Athens – Energy Policy and Development Centre

Implementation Stages 11  Feasibility study  Inventory of G/S  Operation strategy (emergencies, offset RES, etc.)  Institutional context  Tariff policy  Studies  Technical  Economic  Commercial  Implementation  Organizational scheme (public, private)  Development - Construction – Testing  License - Contract  Operation of VPP National and Kapodistrian University of Athens – Energy Policy and Development Centre

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