IMPACT OF ELECTRIC BUSES ON THE DAILY OPERATIONS IN BARCELONA Josep M. Armengol, Fernando Gómez and Mario Canet Transports Metropolitans of Barcelona; Giuseppe Sansotta University of Reggio Calabria. Barcelona – 5th October 2016

2 TERRITORIAL FRAMEWORK Municipalities: Area: Population: ,4 km Metropolitan Area of Barcelona (AMB)

3 MOBILITY IN THE INFLUENCE AREA OF TMB

4 NETWORK CHARACTERISTICS VEHICLES FOR DEPOT Horta330 Ponent144 Triangle256 Zona Franca335 Total1065

5 NETWORK CHARACTERISTICS Bus lines100 Km of lines km km dedicated bus lines km Bus fleet1,065 buses Number of garages4 TB staff4,221 Passengers/year Millions Bus stops2,548 Comercial speed12.14 Km/h Bus stopped in whole trip (bus stops, traffic lights, etc..) 45 %

Spanish National Plan: Air Quality Air Quality Plan: Government of Catalonia ( ) European Directives: Air Quality. 20/20/20 Covenant of Mayors Europeans. C40 Cities Master Plan sustainability TMB COP21 with the signing of a historical climate agreement to limit global warming to below 2 degrees Celsius and drive efforts to limit the temperature increase even further to 1.5 degrees The reasons for electromobility: legislation

7 FLEET CHARACTERISTICS Vehicles midi, standard, articulated and bi-articulated Tourist bus Vehicles double Decker

TMB and EFFICIENCY: CHALLENGE TECHNOLOGY  Actions taken with respect to the existing fleet  Purchase/renewal of new vehicles with the latest clean technologies.  Actions taken in the infrastructures (Garages, facilities, etc..) 8 Challenges facing TMB in achieving a Surface network that is sustainable and more efficient.  Design of an operating system that will reduce a large part of the trips made in private vehicles.

NEW NETWORK network Begining 2012 NEW network: Easy to undestand Effectiveness and efficiency

TWO Actions taken with the existing fleet 10  TMB, decided to install: 425 PARTICULATE filtres + NOx FILTERS (SCR) 70 DIESEL BUSES TRANFORMED TO HYBRID 13 CNG buses TRANSFORMED TO HYBRID RETROFIT HYBRID PROJECT

 1065 vehicles  The cleanest bus fleet in Europe (2015) 2015 Network features: technology of the vehicles

12 FULLY ELECTRIC VEHICLES

MODES OF OPERATION 13 THERE ARE TWO MODES OF OPERATION: 2.OPPORTUNITY CHARGING VEHICLE of 18 meters (articulated buses): BATTERY CAPACITY 125 kWh This it means: Less weight of the batteries More passenger capacity It needs some charging station on the street 1.AUTONOMOUS VEHICLE of 12 meters: BATTERY CAPACITY > 300 kWh This it means: More weight of the batteries Less passenger capacity It doesn’t need charging station on the street

1. AUTONOMOUS VEHICLES (12m) 14

1. AUTONOMOUS VEHICLES 15

THE MOST FREQUENTLY USED LINES ARE 20, 34, 45 and Line: Length 6,431 m – bus stop 18 – Time service 17 h – elevation min med max 26, 41, 56 meters 34 Line: Length 10,939 m – bus stop 31 – Time service h – elevation min med max 16, 41, 79 meters 45 Line: Length 12,000 m – bus stop 38 – Time service h – elevation min med max 4, 49, 156 meters 47 Line: Length 9,380 m – bus stop 30 – Time service h – elevation min med max 21, 63, 157 meters

Possible curves of the lifetime of the capacity of a battery 17 The batteries have to warranty the operation time until half life of the vehicle (7,5 years, only one change of battery) to keep the same characteristics in operation (that means up to 80% on capacity). A bus operator wants to keep the same characteristics of battery capacity for at least an half of vehicle life cycle.

Autonomous Vehicles: Overnight Charging in a service day 18 RULES FOR DRIVER We should establish a internal rules about daily operation: The driver has to come back to the depot when the SOC is 20%. But we can change these rules regarding to the experience, the bus route, etc..

CONSUMPTIONS 19

Monthly trend of the average linked with the temperature from the purchase date until now % 60 % 45 % 30 % 15 %

Curve of the average consumption linked to the temperature % 60 % 45 % 30 % 15 %

Curve of the average consumption linked to the temperature % 60 % 45 % 30 % 15 % HOT AIR CONDITIONING COLD AIR CONDITIONING

Curve of the average consumption linked to the temperature % 60 % 45 % 30 % 15 % NO HOT AIR CONDITIONING COLD AIR CONDITIONING

DESIGN TIME SCHEDULE 24

Service time for a bus fully electric: season of the year COLD AIR CONDITIONING HOT AIR CONDITIONING

Service time for a bus fully electric: season of the year NO HOT AIR CONDITIONING COLD AIR CONDITIONING

Orography study and the commercial speed 27 V27 Line: Length 11,317 m – bus stop 32 – Time service 17 h – elevation min med max 2, 41, 144 meters

Benchmarking on LCC (life cycle cost) 28 Requirements; batteries life is 7,5 years, as manufacturer said.

Service time for a bus fully electric: season of the year COLD AIR CONDITIONING

2. OPPORTUNITY FAST CHARGING VEHICLES (18m) 30

TECHNICAL CHARACTERISTICS 31 SOLARIS 1109 / 1110 Purchase year2015 km performed from the purchase It is in testing Bus line performedH16 Battery capacity (kWh)125 Battery ChemicalLTO Power supply at the depot (kW) 50 Power supply on the street (kW) 400 Type of recharging at the depot: plug-in DC (Direct Current) Type of recharging on the street: pantograph DC (Direct Current)

H16 line electrically performed 32 H16 Line: Length 12,175 m – bus stop 34 – Time service 17 h – elevation min med max 4, 12, 27 meters

Daily cycles for batteries of the SOLARIS electric bus 33

ONE POSSIBILITY TO IMPROVE THE EFFICIENCY OF THE SYSTEM!!! 34 How many charging station we need in one terminal? If we have more than one fully electric buses, we need at least 2 charging station, because when the second bus arrives to the terminal, it has not to wait the first one that has to complete its recharge. In this way, we can improve the efficiency system, improving the line frequency. The cost about the second point of recharge is not the same compared at the first, but less because it is around at 30%.

Communication system 35 The control centre has to know: Where is the bus always and what is the information about: Technical Alarms and SOC The information about the charging station: On the depot On the street

Benchmarking table on LCC of buses with different technologies 36 That is true if the batteries life is 7,5 years as manufacturer said.

MANY THANKS FOR YOUR ATTENTION!!! Giuseppe Sansotta - Josep M. Armengol - Fernando Gómez - Mario Canet – 37