Elliott, Kratochwill, Littlefield Cook, and Travers, Educational Psychology: Effective Teaching, Effective Learning, Third Edition. Copyright © 2000 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Maslow’s Hierarchy Figure Need for self-actualization Esteem needs Love and belongingness needs Safety needs Physiological needs Data for diagram based on Hierarchy of Needs from Motivation and Personality, Third Edition, by Abraham H. Maslow, Revised by Robert Frager, et al., Harper & Row, Inc. 1954, 1987.

Elliott, Kratochwill, Littlefield Cook, and Travers, Educational Psychology: Effective Teaching, Effective Learning, Third Edition. Copyright © 2000 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. The Yerkes-Dodson Graph Figure Low High Low High MOTIVATION Maximum performance TASK DIFFICULTY

Elliott, Kratochwill, Littlefield Cook, and Travers, Educational Psychology: Effective Teaching, Effective Learning, Third Edition. Copyright © 2000 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Efficacy and Outcome Expectations Figure Your teacher has told the class how to work a language work- sheet. You listened to what she said. Can you follow your teacher’s directions? 2. During recess, a lot of kids in your class are playing together. Can you go up to them and ask if you can play too? Person Behavior Outcome Efficacy expectations Outcome expectations If you follow your teacher’s directions, then will your answers be correct? If you ask other kids to let you play with them, then will they let you? 49

Elliott, Kratochwill, Littlefield Cook, and Travers, Educational Psychology: Effective Teaching, Effective Learning, Third Edition. Copyright © 2000 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Motivational Theorists and their Ideas Table 9.1 Maslow Bruner Weiner Skinner Bandura Humanistic Cognitive Attribution Operant conditioning Social cognitive Needs hierarchy Intrinsic processes Causes of behavior Reinforcement Imitation Need satisfaction Mixed motives Identifying perceived causes of behavior Schedules of reinforcement Modeling NameTheory Central Element of Theory Explanation of Motivation 50

Elliott, Kratochwill, Littlefield Cook, and Travers, Educational Psychology: Effective Teaching, Effective Learning, Third Edition. Copyright © 2000 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Seven Factors Affecting Motivation Anxiety Curiosity and interest Locus of control Learned helplessness Self-efficacy beliefs Classroom environment Multicultural background 51