Biology…What is it? Bios (Bio) is a (Greek or Latin) word which means life. Logos (logy) is a (Greek or Latin) word which means study of. Biology is the study of life Biology is concerned with all living things. Living thing is an organism which is made up of one or many cells, that is capable of performing the life processes There are many branches of biology..

Branches Of Biology Zoology is concerned with animals. Botany is concerned with plants Microbiology is the study of microscopic life. Ornithology is the study of birds. Entomology is the study of insects. Parasithology is the study of parsites.

Branches Of Biology Bacteriology is the study of bacteria Mycology is the study of fungi. Virology is the study of viruses. Embryology studies the developmental patterns of organisms from zygote to birth.

Branches Of Biology Morphology: is concerned with phenotype (Appearance) of living things. Anatomy : deals with internal structures of living things Cytology: Each living organism consists of one or more cells. Structures and functions of cells are treated in this branch of Biology. Histology: In this branch discussion is made on structure, location and function of different tissues. Physiology: This branch includes all the activities/ functions of living things e.g growth respiration, excretion, photosynthesis and other biological activities.

Branches Of Biology Taxonomy: In this branch discussion is made on identification, nomenclature, and classification of plants and animals into groups and subgroups. Genetics: How different characters are inherited from parents to offspring, and how the processes can be controlled and improved etc. are brought under study and research in this branch. Ecology: This branch considers the effects of environment on living organisms or living communities and also interaction between them. Evolution: This branch deals with the origin and successive transformations of living organisms.

Scientific Method Biologists use the Scientific Method to solve problems

Scientific Method Identifying the problem, Defining the problem, Hypothesizing Experimenting Recording Analyzing Concluding

Why Study Biology? Helps to prevent and control diseases Helps in food production Helps in the management of natural resources Helps Humans to understand the basic principles of life Gives future career or job

Animal Body Symmetry Symmetry describes the similarity, or balance, among body structures The type of symmetry defines the kind of movements the animals can make

Bilateral Symmetry : a single plane divides body into two mirror images

11 BILATERAL SYMETRY Animals with bilateral symmetry have two halves that look like mirror images when the animal is divided along only one plane through its central axis. Examples: birds, dogs, humans…

12 RADIAL SYMETRY Some animals have two halves that look almost the same when the animal is divided along any plane through its central line This is radial symmetry. Examples: Jellies, sea anemones…

Radial Symmetry: can be cut in half along many planes that allow for nearly identical halves

Body Orientation When studying the anatomy of animals, it is necessary to use terminology to describe directions, planes, and points of reference. Anterior: A direction on an animals body referring to towards the head. Posterior : A direction on an animals body referring to towards the tail. Dorsal: A direction on an animals body referring to towards the spine.

Body Orientation Ventral: A direction on an animals body referring to towards the belly Lateral: A direction referring to towards or away from the midline or side of the body. Distal: A direction referring to farther away from another point of reference. Proximal: A direction referring to closer to another point of reference.

Anatomical Orientation

SECTIONING Vertical Section (V.S.): An imaginary line or axis that goes through the body separating left and right halves. Longitudinal Section (L.S.): An imaginary line or axis that goes through the body separating dorsal and ventral halves or sections. Transverse Section (T.S.): An imaginary line or axis that goes through the body separating anterior and posterior halves or sections.

MODERN MICROSCOPES A microscope is simple or compound depending on how many lenses it contains A lens makes an enlarged image & directs light towards your eye

A simple microscope has one lens Similar to a magnifying glass Magnification is the change in apparent size produced by a microscope Resolution of a microscope is the ability of a microscope to differentiate two objects which are very close.

COMPOUND MICROSCOPE A compound microscope has multiple lenses (eyepiece & objective lenses)

TOTAL MAGNIFICATION Powers of the eyepiece (10X) multiplied by objective lenses determine total magnification.

ELECTRON MICROSCOPES More powerful; some can magnify up to 1,000,000X Use a magnetic field in a vacuum to bend beams of electrons Images must be photographed or produced electronically

Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) Electron microscope image of a fly foot Electron microscope image of a spider produces realistic 3D image only the surface of specimen can be observed

Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM ) produces 2D image of thinly sliced specimen detailed cell parts (only inside a cell) can be observed