Stage 1: Sensorimotor Stage (Birth - Age 2)

– 0 – 2 years old. – Explore the world through senses & motor activity. – Can’t tell difference between themselves & the environment – Show intelligence through physical interactions and experience. – Moves from reflex actions to goal-directed activity – Have limited use of symbols and language.

Stage 2: Preoperational Stage (Age )

2 – 7 years old 2 – 7 years old Better speech communication. Better speech communication. Develop basic numerical abilities. Develop basic numerical abilities. Still pretty egocentric but as difficulties seeing another person’s point of view. Still pretty egocentric but as difficulties seeing another person’s point of view. Develop memory and imagination. Develop memory and imagination. Can’t understand conservation of matter. Can’t understand conservation of matter.

CONSERVATION OF MATTER: understanding that something doesn’t change even though it looks different, shape is not related to quantity. CONSERVATION OF MATTER: understanding that something doesn’t change even though it looks different, shape is not related to quantity.

Stage 3: Concrete Operational Stage (Age7-12 )

7 – 11 years old 7 – 11 years old Intelligence through logical and organized thought, concrete objects. Intelligence through logical and organized thought, concrete objects. Less egocentric. Less egocentric. Can reverse their thinking through reasoning. Can reverse their thinking through reasoning. Able to classify. Able to classify.

Stage 4: Formal Operational Stage (Age 11&up )

11111 years old and older. AAAAbility to think hypothetically. SSSShow intelligence through logical use of symbols related to abstract concepts. WWWWhen presented with a problem, they can consider solutions to the problem in a logical manner. SSSScientific reasoning is apparent in this stage.

November June 1934d November June 1934 Soviet Belarussian PsychologistSoviet Belarussian Psychologist Cultural-Historical PsychologyCultural-Historical Psychology Vygotsky CircleVygotsky Circle Socio-Cultural PerspectiveSocio-Cultural Perspective

Social Interaction : “Learning is a necessary and universal aspect of the process of developing culturally organized, specifically human psychological function." “Learning is a necessary and universal aspect of the process of developing culturally organized, specifically human psychological function." More Knowledgeable Other (MKO): The MKO refers to anyone who has a better understanding or a higher ability level than the learner, with respect to a particular task, process, or concept. The MKO refers to anyone who has a better understanding or a higher ability level than the learner, with respect to a particular task, process, or concept.

ZONE OF PROXIMAL DEVELOPMENT (ZPD): The ZPD is the distance between a student’s ability to perform a task under adult guidance and/or with peer collaboration and the student’s ability solving the problem independently. The ZPD is the distance between a student’s ability to perform a task under adult guidance and/or with peer collaboration and the student’s ability solving the problem independently.

Features of ZPD: Level 1 – Subjectivity Level 1 – Subjectivity The process of two individuals begin a task with different understanding and eventually arrive at a shared understanding Level 2 – Scaffolding Level 2 – Scaffolding the process of guiding the learner from what is presently known to what is to be known. the process of guiding the learner from what is presently known to what is to be known.