EXPERIENCE REASONING RESEARCH

DEDUCTIVE AND INDUCTIVE REASONING Deductive Reasoning (Top-Down Approach) Deductive reasoning works from the more general to the more specific. This ultimately leads us to be able to test the hypotheses with specific data.

TWO CONCEPTIONS OF SOCIAL REALITY

 Assumption of Determinism : This means simply that events have causes, that events are determined by other circumstances.  Assumption of Empiricsm : This means that a theory of hyphotesis depends on the nature of the empirical evidence. There are 5 steps have been identified by Mouly (1978) in the process of empirical science; experience, classification, quantification, discovery of the relationships, approximation to the truth.  Assumption of the Principle of Parsimony : This means that a phenomenon should be explained in the most economical way possible.  Assumption of Generality : This begins with observation of the particular then sets out to the generalize its findings to the world at large (concerned ultimately with explanation)

The Tools of Science Concept Hypothesis is the relationship between the word (or symbol) and an idea or conception. a specific statement of prediction.

The Scientific Method 1 Problem/question 2 observation/ research 3 formulate a hypothesis 4 experiment 5 collect and analyze result 6 conclusion involves a series of steps that are used to investigate a natural occurrence. formulate a hypothesis 7 There are 7 steps of the scientific method:

Criticism of Positivism and the Scientific Method ObjectivitySubjectivity  The reflection is not focused on the relationship. It is focused on the question of whether it is the truth to which the knower is related.  The reflection is focused on the nature of the individual’s relationship.  If only the object to which he is related is the truth, the subject is accounted to be in the truth.  If only the mode of this relationship is in the truth, the individual is in the truth, even if he should happen to be thus related to what is not true.

Alternatives to Positivistic Social Science: Naturalistic Approaches Naturalistic is a qualitative research. Guba (1985) used naturalistic inquiry, because there is predominate character in qualitative. Eg : Observe and collect the data in a natural background without manipulate the subject researched.

The Normative and Interpretive Paradigms Normative Are also called scientific / positivistic paradigm Interpretive ssociated with qualitative research. Used to obtain an understanding of the word from an individual perspective.

Phenomenology, Erthnomethodolgy and Symbolic Phenomenology is theory that study direct from experience taken from face, behavior that determined the experience rather than objectives, external; and physically to describe realty. (English and English, 1958).

Ethnomethodology is concerning the world that everyday in life that we always use in our daily activities. (Garfinkel, 1967). Ethnomethodology also concerning how people make sense of their everyday world. Symbolic is just a sign to interactions derives of work that is a common assumption to understand the meaning of the world that what we say.

Ethnomethodology The Linguistic ethnomethodolgy focusing in the use of language The situational ethonmethodolgy focusing in social activities context

Interaction perspective theories in phenomethodology, ethnomettodology and symbolic: 1. Criticisms of the naturalistic and interpretive approaches 2. Critical theory and critical educational research 3. Criticisms of approaches from critical theory 4. Critical theory and curriculum research

The Approaches of Feminist Research Normative Critical Interpretive

2. Research and Evaluation The similarity between research and evaluation is. the difference between research and evaluation

3. Research, Politics, and Policy Making Political Senses Macro political senses Micro political senses

The relationships between educational research, politics and policy-making are complex.

The particular value of scientific research in education is that it will enable educators to develop the kind of sound knowledge base that characterizes other professions and disciplines and one that will ensure education a maturity and sense of progression it at present lacks.

4. Methods and Methodology the aim of methodology is to describe and to help us to understand, in the broadest possible terms, not the products of scientific inquiry but the process itself.

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