Globalisation Wednesday 8 December 2016 Making of the Modern World Lecture Julia McClure J.McClure@Warwick.ac.uk

What is the face of globalization?

Globalization today? Fast connections: internet, social media Institutions: World bank, IMF, WTO, UN International Collaborations ‘Free Trade’: GATT, NAFTA, TTIP Migrations of peoples Human Rights?

Globalization in the Headlines today

Five Issues for Today’s Lecture 1. Definition of Globalisation what is globalisation? 2. Does Globalisation have a history? when did it begin ? Does it come in waves of phases? 3. Dimensions of the phenomenon: economic, social, cultural, legal 4. Typologies of Globalization 5. Questioning Globalization How we handle globalization as historians

1. Definitions of Globalization ‘the process of transformation of local phenomena into global ones… a process by which the people of the world are unified into a single society and function together’ Peter N. Stearns, Globalization in World History (Oxford: Routledge, 2010), p. 1.

‘The global did not eliminate the local, the local and the global ‘cannibalized’ each other’ Arjun Appaduri, Modernity at Large: Cultural Dimensions of Globalization (Minneapolis, 1996)

1. Definitions of Globalisation “Globalization constitutes integration of National economies into the International economy through trade, direct foreign investment (by corporations and multinationals), short-term capital flows, international flows of workers and humanity generally, and flows of technology” Jagdish Bhagwati, In Defence of Globalization (Oxford, 2006), p. 3. “[Globalization] is a reality that now affects every part of the globe and every person on it, even though in widely differing local contexts.”. Bruce Mazlish, “Comparing Global History to World History,” Journal of Interdisciplinary History 28/3 (1998), p. 387. “A progressive increase in the scale of social processes from a local or regional to a world level” C.A. Bayly, ‘“Archaic” and A-Modern Globalization in the Eurasian and African Arena, c. 1750-1850', in A.G. Hopkins, ed., Globalization in World History (2002), pp. 48-9.

2. When did Globalisation Begin? 1. A Modern Phenomena Social scientists (esp. sociologists of globalization) see it as a very recent phenomenon, something that might go back to the period following the major economic crisis of 1973-74, perhaps to 1945.

2. When did Globalisation Begin? Phases 1. 1945-2015: Contemporary Globalisation The key force of globalization after 1945 was the action of institutions and governments (Bretton Woods) And of markets after 1973: Liberal economic policies and regimes Growth of world trade and financial transactions Advances in Information Technologies and easier access to information - Performance of services remotely New business organizations: A high degree of convergence in consumer culture

2. When did Globalisation Begin? 2. Phases in modern history 20th century

2. When did Globalisation Begin? 2. In the Early 19th Century: Bayly Christopher Bayly claims that globalization started with the collapse of 18th century regimes This he defines as ‘modern globalisation’ and sees it as a process based on: -colonialism and imperialism - and the concept of free trade. C.A. Bayly, ‘“Archaic” and A-Modern Globalization in the Eurasian and African Arena, c. 1750-1850', in A.G. Hopkins, ed., Globalization in World History (2002) [HY 100.G5]

2. When did Globalisation Begin? 2. In the Early 19th Century: Bayly Type of globalisation time features A. PROTO 1500-1750 - European exploration - Role of silver - importance of slavery B. MODERN 1750-1900 - Revolutions (political and economic) - colonialisms and imperialism - free trade C. PRESENT 1950- - Business and corporations - Personal communication C.A. Bayly, ‘“Archaic” and “Modern “Globalization in the Eurasian and African Arena, c. 1750-1850', in A.G. Hopkins, ed., Globalization in World History (2002) [HY 100.G5]

2. When did Globalisation Begin? 2. 1820-1913: The Great Phase Williamson and O’Rourke underline how the period from 1820 to 1870 in particular was: - age of ‘free trade’ - liberalization of the state – - Increased commodity trade   Critiques: - issues of power forgotten - gunboat diplomacy - colonial control - Post 1870 - Mass migration - infrastructure (railroads and steamships, and cables Kevin H. O'Rourke and Jeffrey G. Willamson, Globalization and History: the evolution of a nineteenth-century Atlantic economy (Cambridge, Mass., 1999).

2. When did Globalisation Begin? 3. In the Sixteenth Century Dennis Flynn and Arturo Giraldez claims that globalization begun in 1571 when the Spaniards settled down in Manila in the Philippines and opened up trade : Manila to Acapulco Importance of the Pacific Importance of Silver Flynn, Dennis O., and Arturo Giráldez, ‘Cycles of Silver: Global Economic Unity through the Mid-Eighteenth Century’, Journal of World History, 13, no. 2 (2002), pp. 391-427

2. When did Globalisation Begin? 1. 13th Century

2. When did Globalisation Begin. 1 2. When did Globalisation Begin? 1. 13th Century, ‘Archaic Globalisation' - C. Bayly - Up to 1600 - Ideology: underpinned by cosmic kingship, universal religion, humoural understandings of the body and land Long-range circulation of goods but not about modern ‘consumption’ Agents: warriors,

2. When did Globalisation Begin. 1 2. When did Globalisation Begin? 1. 13th Century, European World System Before European Hegemony (1250-1350)

2. When did Globalisation Begin? 4. 500 Years or 5000? Andre Gunder Frank, The World System: Five Hundred Years or Five Thousand? (1996) and later Re-Orient (1998) argued that globalization was there well before 1500. This is because: - Single world economy before 1500 - trade (Silk roads and later European trade in Asia) Centrality of China

Periods of de-globalisation The interwar period saw: economic protectionism and autarky economic and monetary instability stagnation of the economies moribund empires, and the confrontation between the US and the Soviet Union - lack of innovation

Periods of De-globalisation Post 2016: A second de-globalisation? Is it possible that we are going towards de-globalisation once again?   - the 2008 financial crisis - global alliances not working - Failure of international bodies (UN) - revolutionary terrorism – violent disconnections - Crisis of European integration and values - Rise of Nativism .

2. When did Globalisation Begin? Recap Post 1945 1850s 1750s 1571 1492 1300s How far back? Periods of de-globalization Are terms such as proto-globalization and archaic globalization useful?

3. The Dimensions of Globalisation Movement Integration Global issues People migration Communication cities and geographies Population and inequality Things Trade and commodities transport Resources and the environment Actions Capitals Business and organisations Economic crises Values Ideas and ideologies States and institutions Human Rights 1500-c.1800 1800-1945 Post 1945

3. The Dimensions of Globalisation Communication, Technology and Transport (modern) First steamship cross the Atlantic 1838 Invention of the Telephone 1876 Edison’s incandescent electric light 1878 First Car 1885 First wireless message sent across the Atlantic 1901 First airplane by the Wright brothers 1903 First Radio Programme 1920 First Television broadcasting 1936 Nuclear Power to produce electricity 1951 First Videogame console 1972 First Cd-Rom 1982 World Wide Web 1990 DVD 1995

Merchants, Missionaries, Diplomats 3. The Dimensions of Globalisation Communication, Technology and Transport (long view) Camel Caravans Ships Merchants, Missionaries, Diplomats

3. The Dimensions of Globalisation Economic Technological Political Cultural Legal Biological

3. The Dimensions of Globalisation Biological exchange / global environment

4. Typologies of Globalisation Process? Condition? Form of politics / ideology? Explanatory model?

4. The Typologies of Globalisation Process - ‘the process of globalization would be the gradual thickening of connections across national boundaries, their increasing penetration into previously untouched localities and the emergence of a common set of concerns that define a universal cosmopolitan community - The process of globalization would be the state of complete transnational integration, encompassing all the people of the world within a single network of economic and cultural connections informed by a common global consciousness’. (David Armitage, The Foundations of Modern International Thought, 33)

4. The Typologies of Globalisation Condition ‘Age of Globalization’ Vs ‘Globalized Age’ Global Era? Global consciousness Global interconnectedness Global environment

4. The Typologies of Globalisation Ideology ‘The ideologies that were formative of modern globalization comprise at core nationalism, capitalism, democracy and consumerism’ C.A. Bayly, ‘“Archaic” and “Modern “Globalization in the Eurasian and African Arena, c. 1750-1850', in A.G. Hopkins, ed., Globalization in World History (2002) [HY 100.G5] Liberalization? Open Markets? Neoliberalism?

4. Typologies of Globalization Explanatory device? “globalization’ is a heuristic device, not a description of linear social change. It draws attention to dynamics that transcend the old units of analysis in different academic fields and attempts to quantify or to model them’ C.A. Bayly, ‘“Archaic” and “Modern “Globalization in the Eurasian and African Arena, c. 1750-1850', in A.G. Hopkins, ed., Globalization in World History (2002) [HY 100.G5]

Globalization, a discursive turn?

4. Questioning Globalization

Globalization: Connecting a divided people or creating inequality?

The World Bank

‘Why has globalization – a force that has brought so much good – become so controversial?’ (4)

4. Globalization & Historians ‘Does the concept of globalization offer anything to historical debates which have long discussed ‘the expansion of Europe’, ‘the Atlantic world economy’ and ‘Asia before Europe’? C. A. Bayly. C.A. Bayly, ‘“Archaic” and A-Modern Globalization in the Eurasian and African Arena, c. 1750-1850', in A.G. Hopkins, ed., Globalization in World History(2002).

4. Globalization & Historians ‘Is globalization the new theory that will reinvigorate history? Or will it choke off all other possible contenders, leaving in place only the inevitability of modernization of the world on the Western model?’ (1) ‘Is globalization a new paradigm for historical explanation that replaces those criticized by cultural theories? Or is it a Trojan horse that threatens to bring back old paradigms rather than offering a truly new one?’ (52). Lynn Hunt, Writing History in the Global Era

Conclusion Multiple Definitions of Globalization Multiple Chronologies & Multiple Histories of Globalization Typologies of Globalization Questioning Globalization