Rock’n’Roll emerging the 1950s.

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Presentation transcript:

Rock’n’Roll emerging the 1950s

The term “Rock and Roll,” earlier versions 1934: Boswell Sisters, “Rock and Roll” appeared in the film Transatlantic Merry-Go-Round. 1938: Sister Rosetta Tharpe recorded “Rock Me” for Decca Records [link]. Her music tried to cross-over from gospel to rhythm and blues. Tharpe had a huge influence on Little Richard, Chuck Berry, Johnny Cash, and Elvis Presley. 1942: Maurie Orodeneker began to call more upbeat recordings, such as Thorpe’s “Rock Me” -- “rock-and-roll”.

Rise of popular music Early 1920s: Radio broadcasting One of the first portable radio receivers, 1923

Magnetic Tape Long history, began 1877, patented in 1930s Bing Crosby, actor, singer Used to broadcast live on NBC radio Tired of live performances: 39 weeks per year Discs poor quality sound October 1947: first taped broadcast Thanksgiving 1947 recording Bing Crosby, 1903-1977

Rise of popular music 1930s: vinyl begins to be used for recording music. 1948: Columbia Records introduced the long-playing 331⁄3 rpm microgroove vinyl record, or "LP“. 1949: RCA Victor countered with the short-playing but convenient 7-inch 45 rpm microgroove vinyl single.

1946: Wurlitzer 1015, a selection of 24 (45 rpm) records Jukebox, arose in 1950s 1952: Seeburg M100c: could play 50 different records, 100 choices 1946: Wurlitzer 1015, a selection of 24 (45 rpm) records

Brown versus Board of Education, 1954 Separate but equal did not work (Plessy vs Ferguson, 1896). 17 May 17 1954, Chief Justice Earl Warren Court unanimously (9–0) decided that "separate educational facilities are inherently unequal.“ Victory for Civil Rights Movement Fight was just beginning. Led gradually to greater acceptance of A-A culture. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File%3AEducational_separation_in_the_US_prior_to_Brown_Map.svg By User:King_of_Hearts [GFDL (http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/fdl.html) or CC-BY-SA-3.0 (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/)], via Wikimedia Commons

Post World War II Baby Boom, the last https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File%3AUS_Birth_Rates.svg By Saiarcot895 (Own work) [CC0], via Wikimedia Commons

The audience Growing and prospering middle class, especially after WWII (1939-1945) More disposable income Spread of leisure, the near necessity to enjoy life Records became cheap and widely available. The city: noisy, light, busy, young

The audience Electricity Artificial light Television, the new medium, ate up radio demand, provided images of biggest stars Generational: rock and roll as the primary mode of rebellion during the Cold War

Transistor Radios Highly portable, small more than car radios First: Regency TR-1, October 1954 Sony then made them fast and cheaper. Japanese low wages drove down cost to consumers (by 1962: $15) 1955: Sony TR-55 Price: $39.95 1954: Regency TR-1 Price: $49.95

Muddy Waters McKinley Morganfield (1913-1983) Father of Chicago Electric Blues 1941: Alan Lomax recorded him for Library of Congress: link 1943: moved to Chicago to become a professional musician. 1945: first electric guitar, to be heard over the city’s noise. 1946: started recording with Aristocrat Records (Chess brothers). 1954: Hoochie Coochie Man (written by Willie Dixon): link Waters essentially brought the Delta Blues to Chicago and electrified it.

Howlin’ Wolf Chester Arthur Burnett (1910-1976) Charlie Patton taught him guitar and the blues. Already playing an electric guitar in 1941 1951: Sam Phillips recorded him at the Memphis Recording Service: “How many more years” [link] 1952: moved to Chicago and signed contract with Chess Records. Waters initially helped him out, but later they became rivals.

Little Richard Richard Wayne Penniman (born 1932, Macon, Georgia) Began as a gospel singer, mother at New Hope Baptist Church Father owned a nightclub: Tip In Inn 27 October 1947: Sister Rosetta Tharpe invited him on stage. Played in various bands, often in drag. 1951: “Taxi Blues” [link] 1956: “Long, Tall Sally” [link]

Chuck Berry Charles Edward Anderson "Chuck" Berry (born 1926, St. Louis) Wild kid, prison, 1944-1947 Moved to Chicago, May 1955 Muddy Waters introduced him to the Chess brothers. 1955: “Ida Red,” became “Maybellene” [link]

Alan Freed (1921-1965), “Rock ‘n’Roll” First important Rock “Disc Jockey” DJ “Old King of the Moondoggers” Leo Mintz, Cleveland, Ohio record store owner WJW (Cleveland): worked the night shift Brought black hot jazz and rhythm and blues to white teenagers. 21 March 1952: “Moondog Coronation Ball” Popularized “Rock’n’Roll” 6 April 1954 broadcast: link

Race and Payola 1959: Freed began hosting “The Big Beat” on ABC; popular, but lasted only four episodes. Here is why: fourth episode featured “Frankie Lyman and the Teenagers” Freed then faced conflict of interest charges for promoting songs in which he had a financial interest Chuck Berry’s “Maybellene”. Common practice, unevenly enforced.

Chuck Berry shared the royalties: Maybellene, 1955