Justizvollzug und Reintegrierung in Norwegen Meißen, 28 Januar 2017 Gerhard Ploeg Kriminalomsorgsdirektorat Norwegen

some relevant characteristics Norway - some relevant characteristics Welfare-based: About 1 million public servants (= ca. 30 %) Strange geography: N–S: 2,500 km E–W: between 700 and 6 km Low population density: 5.2 million - 15 per km2 81 million – 230 per km2 High income: per capita GDP $ 68,400 2.8 % unemployed $ 46,900 - 4.6 % Source: CIA World Fact Book, January 2017 2

Offences reported to the police Per 1,000 inhabitants Source: Statistics Norway

Type of offences 2014 Source: Statistics Norway

Court sanctions 2014 Source: Statistics Norway

Length of prison sentences, 2014 Source: Statistics Norway

New admissions, 2016 As to age category Total = 6 817 Source: KOMPIS, own registration system

Inmate categories Per 25.1.2017 Source: KOMPIS, own registration system

Prison Numbers Average daily number of prisoners and prison – population rate in some countries Country Prison population Per 1,00,000 USA 2,218,000 693 Russia 640,000 440 England & Wales 84,900 145 Germany 63,100 76 Norway 3,900 74 USA and Russia extremely high numbers per 100,000 inhabitants. The Scandinavian countries that have low positions on this list. Sweden has 74, Finland 64 and Denmark 63. Numbers for Norway are not updated, due to recent increase in remand prisoners the rate will be around 80 pr 100,000 now. Source: ICPR World Prison Brief, January 2017 9

SECURITY REHABILITATION Goals The Correctional Services are responsible for carrying out remands in custody and penal sanctions in a way that takes into consideration the security of all citizens and attempts to prevent recidivism by enabling the offenders, through their own initiatives, to change their criminal behaviour. SECURITY REHABILITATION

Organisation Ministry of Justice Directorate of Correctional Service Regional offices (5) Prisons and Probation Offices 11

Capacity Prisons: 44 Locations: 64 Probation Offices: 15 Locations: 38 From 392 to 12 cells About 2/3 higher security No separate remand institutions Regionalisation Daily cost: € 280 high security, € 180 lower No overcrowding

Prison «Waiting list» 2006 - 2012

Prison «Waiting list» 2012 - now

Norgerhaven prison 242 extra cells Rented for 3 years 75 % foreign national prisoners 242 extra cells

Percentage of foreign national prisoners Source: KOMPIS, own registration system

Staff Ca. 4,000 fte working in prisons Ca. 2,800 in uniform Ca. 40 % of uniformed staff is female Ca. 350 fte working in probation Ca. 440 fte in Staff Academy and ICT-service SOME 4600 PERSONS NORWAY USES THE IMPORT MODEL FOR EDUCATIONAL AND HEALTH SERVICES: NO SPECIFIC EMPLOYEES OF THEIR OWN, BUT LOCAL EDUCATIONAL AND HEALTH SERVICES COME INTO THE PRISON AT SPECIFIC TIMES. THIS SAVES MONEY AND CREATES A BETTER TRANSFER FROM PRISON TO FREEDOM BECAUSE THE CONTACT ESTABLISHED IN PRISON MAY BE CARRIED ON OUTSIDE. THE RELEASED PRISONER DOES NOT HAVE TO ESTABLISH CONTACT WITH THE SERVICE OUTSIDE, THEY ALREADY KNOW HIM. THIS IS ESPECIALLY IMPORTANT IN THE CASE OF ADDICTION PROBLEMS. THE STUDENTS AT THE CORRECTIONAL SERVICES STAFF ACADEMY, TRAINING TO BECOME PRISON OFFICERS, ARE REGARDED AS EMPLOYEES AND RECEIVE FULL PAYMENT DURING THEIR TRAINING.

Prison officer training Two-year education at academic level Psychology, sociology, criminology, law, social work Conflict management, ethics and human rights Post-training courses in various working methods and programmes Salary during education Written tests on application day: i.a. why do we punish? What does tolerance mean to you? Which social problems are you interested in? Every year some 200 students are admitted from between 1200 and 2500 applicants.

Rehabilitation in legislation Art. 4 in the Act on the Execution of Sentences: “The Correctional Services shall by engaging in cooperation with other public services arrange for convicted persons and persons in custody on remand to receive the services to which they are statutorily entitled. Such cooperation shall lead to a coordinated effort to supply the needs of convicted persons and persons in custody on remand and to assist them to adjust to society.”

Central principles Principle of normality Progression towards release Import of services Reduce the use of prison Rehabilitation Discretionary powers in implementation

Principle of normality Essential in the approach to corrections The only right one loses is the freedom of movement All other rights as an inhabitant of Norway remain in place Limited by security considerations and resources

Principle of normality The punishment is the deprivation of liberty Security: enough is enough A life as normal as possible

Inmate’s living conditions (2014) Addicted on entry Low education Unemployed on release No place to live on release Below povertyline on release 60 % 70 % 58 % 24 % 40 %

Reintegration guarantee /-work A place to live Some form of income Identity papers If relevant an offer of: Education Employment Health services Addiction treatment Debt counselling Network development

Import model Medical, educational, employment, clerical and library services etc. are provided from the community outside Budget Continuity Involvement of the community Co-operating with voluntary organisations 25

Ullersmo prison – 190 cells Import model: example Ullersmo prison – 190 cells Medical services Ullensaker municipal health service, organised as a health department in prison, offers: General medical services, necessary medication, preventive work, follow-up of chronically ill inmates, referral to specialists, follow-up of inmates with mental health issues (1 psyciatrist, 3 psychologists) Specialist services provided by Regional Medical Agency Akershus District level supplies dentist services Housing services Provided at national and municipal level

Ullersmo prison – 190 cells Import model: example Ullersmo prison – 190 cells Employment services Provided by municipal employment and social security services Education Provided by Jessheim Advanced Secondary School Library services Provided by Library Services Akershus district Religious services Provided by Fjellhamar congregation No imam provided by the state Voluntary organisations Red Cross, Salvation Army, WayBack and many more

Reintegration co-ordinators 27 over the whole country Located in larger prisons and probation offices Co-operation with Contact officer Work-, education- and health department Municipal social, health and employment services Voluntary organisations Probation office

Service market One specific spot in prison with various and at given times readily available services/offers from: Education, healthcare, employment, social services Voluntary organizations Managed by the the reintegration coordinator 29

Challenges Insufficient regionalisation Transfers for various reasons - progression «Slipping zone» – right after release Insufficient possibilities for work-training Break in education on transfer or release Security restrictions in education Long waiting-lists for health treatment Differences in levels and organisation between social- and employment services in different municipalities Differences in program-activity per prison

Proposals for a solution Increase predictability Introduce an obligation to warn service providers in case of transfer or release Develop digital services – video, internet Close(r) co-operation with employment services and housing services Improve information sharing Develop a more «seamless» correctional service Clarify responsibilities (Further) Develop an assessment instrument

A new assessment instrument «BRIK» Computer-based Rooted in desistance theory Focus on strong points, resources, competence Criminogenic factors Self-defined problem areas «Good life model» Restorative practice Co-operative model Positive approach, establishing relationship Starting point for case-management Ca 1500 BRIK-assessments have been done, very positive reactions

Recidivism All prisoners released and all community sentences started in 2005 Follow-up period of two years Recidivism = new conviction to prison or community sentence Source: ”Retur”, Nordic Research Group, 2010 33

Recidivism Source: ”Retur”, Nordic Research Group, 2010 34

The right direction??

Thank you for your attention! gerhard.ploeg@kriminalomsorg.no tel. +47 40 43 88 00 www.kriminalomsorgen.no Twitter: @gerhardploeg 36 36