Researching into illegal e-waste trade in Slovenia Ph.D. Student: Andreja Rožnik Mentor: Professor Gorazd Meško Faculty for Criminal Justice and Security University of Maribor 1st AARC PhD Students Conference on Environment and Sustainable Energy 24. – 25. 11. 2016

The purpose of the presentation Explanation of the term e-waste Presenation of illegal e-waste trade (routes, push and pull factors) General facts regarding the extent of e-waste problem Slovenia and e-waste problem Further researching with situational prevention techniques

What is e-waste? EU legislation (WEEE Directive) e-waste means “electrical or electronic equipments which is waste„ (including all components) working on batteries or electricity discarded by their owner with no intention of re-use.

Reasons for illegal e-waste trade? Push factor (countries of export) Cheap market of new e-equipment Lack of producers responsibility Expensive recycling systems (WEEE legislation) Low penalties Low level of governmental supervision ILLEGAL EXPORT Pull factor (countries of import) Cheap market of e-waste (repair & sell) Cheap recycling techniques Extraction of precious metals & secondary raw metals Profit of illegal e-waste import Low or no governmental supervision

Omeni export countries in import countries

Facts about e-waste a problem? year 2014 41.8 metric tonnes of e-waste are generated (global quantity) = 18.8 billion $ annually only 10 to 40 % of yearly generated e-waste amount are properly recycled and disposed global/transnational problem with severe toxic impact on human health and environment highly profitable (as profitable as trafficking drugs) illegal e-waste export - 1 case in England for sentencing to jail in year 2014

… and Slovenia? implemented EU legislations (WEEE Directive and Regulation No. 1013/2006* (*prohibits exporting hazardous waste from EU countries into non-EU countries) problems? minor offence complicated rules (legislative and regulatory provisions) lack of effective supervision of inspectors for environment, custom representatives, police and judicial system Minor offence – not criminal offence punished by penal sanctioning Direktiva implementirana kot Uredba - Decree on waste electrical and electronic equipment Sankcije: Lažji prekršek:  Z globo od 5.000 do 15.000 eurov se kaznuje za prekršek pravna oseba, ki je proizvajalec/predelovalec/zbiralec  Z globo od 3.000 do 10.000 eurov se za prekršek iz prejšnjega odstavka kaznuje samostojni podjetnik posameznik, ki je proizvajalec/predelovalec/zbiralec Z globo od 1.000 do 2.500 eurov se za prekršek iz prvega odstavka tega člena kaznuje tudi odgovorna oseba pravne osebe oziroma odgovorna oseba samostojnega podjetnika posameznika proizvajalec/predelovalec/zbiralec Težji prekršek: Z globo od 10.000 do 30.000 eurov se kaznuje za prekršek pravna oseba, ki je proizvajalec/predelovalec/zbiralec Z globo od 6.000 do 20.000 eurov se za prekršek iz prejšnjega odstavka kaznuje samostojni podjetnik posameznik, ki je proizvajalec/predelovalec/zbiralec Z globo od 2.000 do 4.100 eurov se za prekršek iz prvega odstavka tega člena kaznuje tudi odgovorna oseba pravne osebe oziroma odgovorna oseba samostojnega podjetnika posameznika - proizvajalec/predelovalec/zbiralec

Further research into the problem.. understanding the extent of e-waste problem global/transnational problem - without sustainable management, monitoring, good governance research into e-waste illegal buisiness with help of SCP* techniques (*situational crime prevention) can we reduce the opportunities for commiting crime (illegal e-waste trade) with situational prevention? SCP is reducing the opportunity for commiting a crime trough Focusing on highly specific form of crime, Involving the management or manipulation of the environment in systematic way Increasing the effort for commiting a crime and risks and also reducing the rewards Reducing the excuses and provocations

Thank you for your attention! e-mail: andreja.roznik@student.um.si