The Internet and the World Wide Web Chapter 3 The Internet and the World Wide Web

Evolution of the Internet Largest and most well-known computer network, linking millions of computers all over the world From ARPANET to Internet 2 ARPANET The predecessor of the Internet Created in 1969 by the U. S. Dept. of Defense Understanding Computers in a Changing Society, 5th Edition

Evolution of the Internet Allowed researchers in different places to communicate with each other Capable of sending/receiving information over a wide range Natural disaster or nuclear attack Connected four supercomputers at academic institutions Eventually students were granted access Soon a network of networks evolved into today’s Internet Understanding Computers in a Changing Society, 5th Edition

Evolution of the Internet The World Wide Web Collection of Web pages available through the Internet Proposed by Tim Berners-Lee in 1989 Originally only text-based content Release of the Mosaic browser in 1993 led to graphical content GUI (graphical user interface - pronounced GOOee) Frees the user from learning complex command languages Examples include icons; the pointer on the screen that allows you to select objects; etc. Understanding Computers in a Changing Society, 5th Edition

Evolution of the Internet World Wide Web and the Internet are not owned by any person, business, or organization Primary base, or structure, that makes up the Internet backbone is typically owned by communications companies Cable; telephone companies Understanding Computers in a Changing Society, 5th Edition

Evolution of the Internet In the Works--Internet2 Group of researchers, educators, and technology leaders from industry, government, and the international community Dedicated to the development of revolutionary Internet technologies So future Internet can handle tomorrow’s applications Focused on speed—not intended to replace the current Internet Understanding Computers in a Changing Society, 5th Edition

Evolution of the Internet Who Makes Up the Internet Community Today? Users (people) Internet Service Providers (ISP’s) Provide access to the Internet Includes most communication and media companies WISP’s (wireless Internet service providers) Understanding Computers in a Changing Society, 5th Edition

Evolution of the Internet Who are Internet Content Providers Persons or organizations that provide Internet content Businesses, non-profit organizations, educational institutions, individuals Individual who posts their opinion on a blog Television network that develops a link to watch past episodes online (Charter’s On Demand) News organization that provides up-to-the-minute news (Fox) Understanding Computers in a Changing Society, 5th Edition

Evolution of the Internet Application Service Providers and Web Services Companies that manage and distribute Web-based software services over the Internet Web-based software, Software as a Service (using online rented products--Office 365); cloud computing (G-mail; Hotmail) Software that runs, and is accessed, on remote Internet servers rather than on local servers or personal computers Understanding Computers in a Changing Society, 5th Edition

Evolution of the Internet Web Service Business application added to a Web page to provide specific services for end users FedEx QuickShip Web Service Infrastructure Companies Enterprises that own or operate the physical structure of the Internet Conventional and mobile phone companies, cable companies, and satellite Internet providers Understanding Computers in a Changing Society, 5th Edition

Evolution of the Internet Hardware and Software Companies Provide the hardware and software used in conjunction with the Internet and Web Web browsers (Microsoft Edge, Mozilla Firefox, Chrome, Safari) E-mail programs (Microsoft Outlook) Companies that make network adapters, modems, cables , routers, mobile phones, computers, etc. Understanding Computers in a Changing Society, 5th Edition

Evolution of the Internet Myths About the Internet Myth 1: The Internet is Free Most people and businesses pay an ISP for Internet access Fee-based content is growing at a rapid pace Music/movie downloads (iTunes) Donation based sites (Go Fund Me; Begslist) Understanding Computers in a Changing Society, 5th Edition

Evolution of the Internet Myth 2: Someone Controls the Internet No single group or organization controls the Internet Governments can regulate Internet use within its country, but difficult to enforce Whatever is illegal in U. S. offline is illegal online Users can use a 3rd party, located in another country, to circumvent the block Myth 3: The Internet and World Wide Web are Identical Internet is the physical network WWW is the collection of Web pages available over the Internet Understanding Computers in a Changing Society, 5th Edition

Getting Set Up to Use the Internet What You Need Computer, Tablet , Mobile Phone, or Gaming Device To select the type of connection desired Decide on the Internet service provider to be used Understanding Computers in a Changing Society, 5th Edition

Getting Set Up to Use the Internet Types of Connection and Internet Access Most connections today are broadband (2/3’s of homes) Dial-up vs. Direct Connections Dial-up connections use standard phone lines Uses modem to dial-up ISP Cheaper Ties up phone lines Relatively secure from hackers Easy to set up and use Widespread availability Slow connection speed—56 Kbps (kilobits per second – 1000 bits) Understanding Computers in a Changing Society, 5th Edition

Getting Set Up to Use the Internet Direct connections Device is continually connected to the Internet Access Internet using a browser—Edge, Chrome, Firefox Typically broadband with fast speeds Always connected Firewall necessary Understanding Computers in a Changing Society, 5th Edition

Getting Set Up to Use the Internet Cable Most widely used home broadband connection (over ½ the market) Fast, between 5 and 20 Mbps (megabits per second - 1 million bits) Requires a cable modem DSL Broadband delivered over telephone lines Must be less than 3 miles from a switching station Transmits over telephone lines, but does not tie up the line Typically 1 to 15 megabits/second Understanding Computers in a Changing Society, 5th Edition

Getting Set Up to Use the Internet Satellite Broadband option for rural areas Slower and more expensive than cable or DSL Requires satellite modem and transceiver dish Up to 2 megabits/second Fixed Wireless Uses radio transmission towers rather than satellites Uses Wi-Fi or WiMAX Speeds up to about 6 megabits/second But speed depends on distance between tower and customer, and the obstacles in path Understanding Computers in a Changing Society, 5th Edition

Getting Set Up to Use the Internet Broadband over Fiber (BoF) Over fiber-optic cabling all the way to the building Most often installed by telephone companies (FiOS) Fast Requires special networking equipment 5 to 50 megabits/second Mobile Wireless Access via a mobile phone or mobile tablet Requires a data plan Understanding Computers in a Changing Society, 5th Edition

Getting Set Up to Use the Internet High speed Internet that uses an antenna on a house to communicate with a tower location via radio signals. Understanding Computers in a Changing Society, 5th Edition

Getting Set Up to Use the Internet Wi-Fi Hotspots Public wireless networks (Wi-Fi) Free and fee-based Understanding Computers in a Changing Society, 5th Edition

Searching the Internet Search Sites Web sites designed to help users search for Web pages Match specified keywords or selected categories Use a search engine (software program) in conjunction with a database to locate specific Web pages Google, Bing, Yahoo, Ask.com, etc. Databases updated regularly (Google monthly) Programs, called spiders or Web crawlers, jump from page-to-page recording important information Real-time search engines emerging The ChaCha Search page uses human guides you can chat with for help Understanding Computers in a Changing Society, 5th Edition

Searching the Internet Keyword Search Keywords are typed in a search box or address bar to locate information Matching Web pages are called hits The number of “hits” from one site to another vary Sites also differ in the order hits are displayed Most popular sites – number of Web pages that link to it OR Sponsored sites first – organizations that pay for a higher ranking Understanding Computers in a Changing Society, 5th Edition

Searching the Internet Directory Search Uses lists of categories to locate information online Click the category you are looking for Displays list of more specific lists Then you can drill down to even more specific lists Search Site Tools Links next to the search bar to search for music files, image files, maps, people, telephone numbers, etc. Google Understanding Computers in a Changing Society, 5th Edition

Searching the Internet Using Boolean Operators Use AND, OR, and NOT to further refine a search Check the search site being used to see what operators can be used on the site Persian cats NOT black Using Multiple Search Sites Different search sites can return different results, so try another site if you’re not getting what you want Understanding Computers in a Changing Society, 5th Edition

Searching the Internet Using Appropriate Keywords, Synonyms, Variant Word Forms, and Wildcards Synonyms are different words that mean the same thing Use hotel or motel for bed and breakfast Variant word forms are variations of your keywords, alternate spellings, etc. Hand signaling for hand signal Wildcards, such as *, can be used to search for keyword patterns Hand sign* would result in a search for hand sign, hand signal, hand signals, hand signaling, etc. Understanding Computers in a Changing Society, 5th Edition

Searching the Internet Search Strategies Using Phrases Phrase searching is typing more than one keyword in a keyword search Understanding Computers in a Changing Society, 5th Edition

Searching the Internet Evaluating Search Results Does the title and listed description sound appropriate for the information you are seeking? Is the URL from an appropriate company or organization? You should also evaluate: The author The source Determine if reliable or biased The date Many online articles are years old Verify online information with a second source Understanding Computers in a Changing Society, 5th Edition

Searching the Internet Citing Internet Resources To avoid plagiarism, proper citation procedures should be used for all Internet content used in a paper, book, or on a Web site Citation should include Author Date of publication Article or Web page title “Retrieved” statement listing the date the article was retrieved from the Internet and the URL used Understanding Computers in a Changing Society, 5th Edition

Beyond Browsing and E-Mail Other Types of Online Communications Instant Messaging (IM) and Text Messaging Instant Messaging (or chat) Windows Live Messenger, Yahoo! Google Talk Exchanging real-time messages Can be used for a voice or video call, playing games, sending files and photos, etc. Understanding Computers in a Changing Society, 5th Edition

Beyond Browsing and E-Mail Text Messaging (Short Message Service or SMS) Mobile phones send short messages via cellular service If message includes photos, video, or audio, called Multimedia Message Service (MMS) Beginning to replace e-mail for personal communication Understanding Computers in a Changing Society, 5th Edition

Beyond Browsing and E-Mail Twittering and Social Networking Updates Referred to as microblogging Users post short updates called tweets (up to 140 characters) Can be sent via text message, IM, or e-mail, and are posted on member’s Twitter page Understanding Computers in a Changing Society, 5th Edition

Beyond Browsing and E-Mail Message Boards For asking questions of, making comments to, or initiating discussions with a large group of people Participants post and read messages about TV shows, music, politics, etc. Posted messages are displayed for all to see Participants can respond to the message and stay within the thread (topic), or start a new thread Can be answered at your convenience Understanding Computers in a Changing Society, 5th Edition

Beyond Browsing and E-Mail Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP) Making telephone calls over the Internet Computer-to-computer Skype, IM, etc. More permanent VoIP setups replace landline phones Require broadband Internet connection and a VoIP adapter (Vonage) Relatively inexpensive—as little as $25 per month Does not work when Internet connection or power is out Understanding Computers in a Changing Society, 5th Edition

Beyond Browsing and E-Mail Web Conferences and Webinars Web Conference Face-to-face meeting (videoconferencing) taking place over the Internet Takes place using a personal computer or mobile phone Used for employee training, sales presentations, etc. Understanding Computers in a Changing Society, 5th Edition

Beyond Browsing and E-Mail Webinar A seminar presented over the Web Typically more one-way communication than a Web conference, but often question and answer period Webcast A completely one-way presentation—pre-recorded Social Networking Social Networking Site Site that enables a community of individuals to communicate and share information MySpace, Facebook, etc. Understanding Computers in a Changing Society, 5th Edition

Beyond Browsing and E-Mail YouTube and Flickr Enables video and photo sharing LinkedIn To recruit employees, find jobs, etc. Sites are increasingly monitored by colleges and employers Be careful not to post anything that might be potentially embarrassing Understanding Computers in a Changing Society, 5th Edition

Beyond Browsing and E-Mail Online Shopping and Investing (E-commerce) Online financial transactions Order products, pay bills, buy and sell stock Precautions Be sure all e-commerce activities are performed over a secure Web server (https://) Use a credit card or online payment service whenever possible PayPal Online Shopping and Auctions Buying products or services online Understanding Computers in a Changing Society, 5th Edition

Beyond Browsing and E-Mail Online Auctions Sellers list items (eBay) Can bid until auction closes Winning bidder arranges payments and delivery with seller Seller pays auction fees Online classified adds Craigslist Online Banking and Online Investing Online Banking Performing banking activities over the Web Transfer funds, deposit checks, check your balances, etc. Understanding Computers in a Changing Society, 5th Edition

Beyond Browsing and E-Mail Online Investing Buying and selling stocks, bonds, mutual funds, etc., online Lower transaction fees Ability to buy and/or sell quickly Understanding Computers in a Changing Society, 5th Edition

Beyond Browsing and E-Mail Online Entertainment Online Music Music played or obtained over the Web - Pandora Online radio stations Listen to music live - iHeartRadio Online music subscription service Used to purchase and download music singles and albums in digital format, legally iTunes Number of online music users predicted to reach 178 million by 2015 Understanding Computers in a Changing Society, 5th Edition

Beyond Browsing and E-Mail Online TV, Videos, and Movies Online videos YouTube Online TV Live or recorded TV shows available over the Web CNN.com Live, Xfinity Online movies – Internet Movie Base IMDb Video-on-demand (VoD) CinemaNow, NetFlix The process of downloading movies and television shows, on demand, over the Web Understanding Computers in a Changing Society, 5th Edition

Beyond Browsing and E-Mail Online Gaming Playing games over the Internet with multiple players Wii, PlayStation 3, and Xbox Often associated with Internet addiction Inability to stop using the Internet and interfering with other aspects of one’s life Understanding Computers in a Changing Society, 5th Edition

Beyond Browsing and E-Mail Online News, Reference, and Information News and Reference Information News Available through Web sites belonging to news organizations, television networks, newspapers, magazines, etc. – telegram.com; people.com Usually updated on a continual basis Growing trend is to abandon print subscriptions and provide Web-only service Cost Understanding Computers in a Changing Society, 5th Edition

Beyond Browsing and E-Mail Reference Sites Phone and address directories, weather, maps, home values (zillow.com), encyclopedias, dictionaries (dictionary.com), medical (webmd.com), etc. Understanding Computers in a Changing Society, 5th Edition

Beyond Browsing and E-Mail Podcasts (from the name iPod) Recorded audio or video file that can be played or downloaded over the Web Prepared by individuals, businesses, and for education Share knowledge, original poems, songs, or short stories; express opinions Understanding Computers in a Changing Society, 5th Edition

Beyond Browsing and E-Mail Product, Corporate, Government, and Other Information Available online Product specifications Instruction manuals Tax forms Government publications Legislative bills Non-profit organizations, political parties, etc., also available Understanding Computers in a Changing Society, 5th Edition

Beyond Browsing and E-Mail Online Education and Writing Web-Based Training (WBT) Instruction delivered on an individual basis over the Web Corporate training, tutorials, distance learning, etc. Distance Learning Students take classes from a location which is different from the one where the instruction takes place Class Web pages, YouTube videos, Webinars, Podcasts, discussion groups, e-mail Understanding Computers in a Changing Society, 5th Edition

Beyond Browsing and E-Mail Advantages Self-paced instruction Flexible location Up-to-date material Immediate feedback Customized content Disadvantages Technology requirements and problems No computer; Internet connection down Lack of face-to-face contact Is the right student taking the exam Understanding Computers in a Changing Society, 5th Edition

Beyond Browsing and E-Mail Online Testing Taking tests over the Internet Graded automatically Security is an issue Securexam Remote Proctor system does fingerprint scan, and then captures real-time audio and video during the exam Understanding Computers in a Changing Society, 5th Edition

Beyond Browsing and E-Mail Blogs (or Web log), Wikis, and Other Types of Online Writing Blogs Web page that contains short, frequently updated entries in chronological order Usually by just one individual—a means of expression Blogging software available to easily create, publish, and update blobs (blogger.com) May contain text, photo, and video clips Some bloggers are paid to endorse products Understanding Computers in a Changing Society, 5th Edition

Beyond Browsing and E-Mail Wikis (Hawaiian phrase “wiki wiki” meaning quick Web page designed to be edited and republished by a variety of individuals (can be password protected) Wikipedia is largest Carefully evaluate content, as irresponsible individuals can enter erroneous information E-portfolios Collection of individual’s work accessible over the Web Used as a job hunting tool Understanding Computers in a Changing Society, 5th Edition

Censorship and Privacy Issues Some countries block some Internet content To hinder spread of information from political opposition To filter out material determined to be offensive To protect national security Internet and cell phone service was shut down for a week in Egypt in 2011 because of mounting political unrest Understanding Computers in a Changing Society, 5th Edition

Censorship and Privacy Issues Some countries have attempted to regulate Internet content Difficulty defining “offensive” and “indecent” Communications Decency Act passed in 1996 to protect children, but Supreme Court overruled the law in 1997 Difficult finding a fair balance between protection and censorship Children’s Internet Protection Act passed in 2003, amongst opposition, which blocks children's access in libraries to inappropriate material Understanding Computers in a Changing Society, 5th Edition

Censorship and Privacy Issues Internet Filtering Using software or browser options to block access to particular Web pages, or types of Web pages Offensive language, sex/pornography, racism, drugs, or violence Used by individuals, schools, employers, public computers, etc. Can use browser settings Microsoft Edge’s Content Adviser OR Special filtering software NetNanny, Safe Eyes, Safe Sweeper Understanding Computers in a Changing Society, 5th Edition

Censorship and Privacy Issues Web Browsing Privacy Encompasses what information about individuals is available, how it is used, and by whom Cookies Small files stored on the user’s hard drive by a Web server Used to identify return visitors and their preferences Cookie information can be personally identifiable Connected to a person’s name or address OR Non-personally identifiable Product pages viewed or ads clicked on Understanding Computers in a Changing Society, 5th Edition

Censorship and Privacy Issues Cookie data can be viewed or deleted Turning cookies off completely may make it impossible to put items in a cart on some sites Cookie settings can be changed, and software can be used to manage cookies May allow the use of regular cookies, but blocks third-party cookies Code stored in browsers that allow third-party marketing firms to track browsing habits Private browsing option allows you to search without leaving any history Good for public computer use Understanding Computers in a Changing Society, 5th Edition

Censorship and Privacy Issues Spyware and Adware Spyware Software installed without users knowledge that transmits data secretly through the user’s Internet connection Sometimes used by advertisers to gather marketing information Can slow the computer down, or change browser settings Used by criminals to gather personal data stored on your computer Can be blocked and/or removed using security software Understanding Computers in a Changing Society, 5th Edition

Censorship and Privacy Issues Adware Software supported by onscreen advertising Often included in free programs Does not gather information Is not installed without user’s consent Understanding Computers in a Changing Society, 5th Edition

Censorship and Privacy Issues What They Know: Advertising Cookies And You Public Wi-Fi Network Safety Explained in a Nutshell https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IGG4tg8CRb4 You Posted That on Facebook? https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SCaKuAdKumA Ellen's Been on Your Facebook Page! https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PfCVnifEMdw https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=O2wMVk10X0M 1. 7.14 min.; 2. 2.26 min. 3. 7.14 min. (funny—Ellen Show) 4. 7.11 min. (funny-Ellen Show) Understanding Computers in a Changing Society, 5th Edition