Who was responsible for the attacks? 1. Al Qaeda - a terrorist organization led by Osama bin Laden took responsibility for the attacks (3 years after September 11th) 2. Quickly revealed that the government of Afghanistan, known as the Taliban were providing safe-harbor for al Qaeda.

Prompted Bush to deliver an ultimatum to the Taliban and al Qaeda and institute a bold new foreign policy plan that became known as the Bush Doctrine. September 20, 2001

The U.S. policy would come to be known as the Bush Doctrine and can be summarized as follows: 1. The right to secure itself from countries that harbor or give aid to terrorist groups; 2. Preventive war, an attack against a possible enemy to prevent an attack by that enemy at a later time 3. Spreading democracy around the world as a strategy for combating terrorism 4. A willingness to use the U.S. military unilaterally to achieve these goals.

So who are the Taliban? ?

Origins of the Taliban 1978 1979 Civil war breaks out btwn Soviet-led Afgahn forces against multi-national insurgent groups. Communist People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan (PDPA) seized power in Afghanistan

“The enemy of my enemy is my friend” Help from the U.S. “The enemy of my enemy is my friend” Stinger Missile Operation Cyclone

After (post) Soviet-Afghan War After the fall of the Afghan communist regime in 1992, Afghanistan was effectively ungoverned for four years and plagued by constant infighting between various mujahideen groups. The origins of the Taliban (literally "students") lay in the children of Afghanistan, many of them orphaned by the war, and many of whom had been educated in the rapidly expanding network of Islamic schools (madrassas) either in Kandahar or in the refugee camps on the Afghan-Pakistani border. Taliban New group New group New group

Who is Bin Laden and al Qaeda?

During Soviet-Afghan War (1979-1989) WEAPONS $$$$

After the Soviet-Afghan War Toward the end of the Soviet military mission in Afghanistan, some foreign mujahideen wanted to expand their operations to include Islamist struggles in other parts of the world, such as Palestine and Kashmir. A number of overlapping and interrelated organizations were formed, to further those aspirations. One of these was the organization that would eventually be called al-Qaeda. Al Qaeda New group New group New group

al Qaeda in Sudan (1989-1996) When the Soviets pulled out of Afghanistan in early 1989, bin Laden and Azzam decided that their new organization should not dissolve. They established what they called a base (al Qaeda) as a potential general headquarters for future jihad. However, bin Laden, now the clear emir of al Qaeda, and Azzam differed on where the organization's future objectives should lie. Azzam favored continued fighting in Afghanistan until there was a true Islamist government, while bin Laden wanted to prepare al Qaeda to fight anywhere in the world. When Azzam was killed in 1989, bin Laden assumed full charge of al Qaeda. After leaving Afghanistan and being exiled by Saudi Arabia, bin Laden moved to Sudan, and with him went the base of operations for al Qaeda. From the sanctuary of Sudan, bin Laden began synching up with groups from all over the Middle East and northern Africa, and began laying the groundwork for his jihad against the West. Beginning with a fatwa called against the United States' deployment to Somalia, bin Laden would continually plan and aid attacks against the United States. Al Qaeda trainers allegedly aided in downing two Black Hawk helicopters in 1993. Bin Laden and al Qaeda also took credit for the bombing of the World Trade Center in 1993. In 1995, al Qaeda associates were responsible for a car bomb that exploded outside a Saudi-U.S. joint facility in Saudi Arabia that was used to train the Saudi National Guard.

al Qaeda in Afghanistan (1996- ?) Bin Laden Returns to Afghanistan After the Sudanese made it clear, in May 1996, that bin Laden would never be welcome to return,[clarification needed] Taliban-controlled Afghanistan—with previously established connections between the groups, administered with a shared militancy,[127] and largely isolated from American political influence and military power—provided a perfect location for al-Qaeda to relocate its headquarters. Al-Qaeda enjoyed the Taliban's protection and a measure of legitimacy as part of their Ministry of Defense,[citation needed] although only Pakistan, Saudi Arabia, and the United Arab Emirates recognized the Taliban as the legitimate government of Afghanistan. Bin Laden Returns to Afghanistan

FLASH FORWARD: September 11, 2001 – hijackers seized control of four jet airliners filled with passengers. They crashed two into the World Trade Center in New York City, a third hit a wing of the Pentagon (country’s military headquarters), and the fourth aircraft crashed in a field near Pittsburgh, PA. Around 3,000 people died on September 11.

The advance of human freedom…now depends on us.” “Our war on terror begins with Al Qaeda, but it does not end there. It will not end until every terrorist group…has been found, stopped and defeated. Freedom and fear are at war. The advance of human freedom…now depends on us.” On September 20, 2001, Bush addressed a joint session of Congress and a national television address – announcing a new foreign policy principle, which quickly became known as the Bush Doctrine.

And tonight the United States of America makes the following demands on the Taliban: Deliver to United States authorities all of the leaders of al Qaeda who hide in your land.

Taliban refuses without “evidence” – the U. S Taliban refuses without “evidence” – the U.S. on October 7, 2001 launches air strikes

“AXIS OF EVIL” Iran Iraq Who helped al Qaeda plan/prepare for the attacks of 9/11 and possess weapons of mass destruction? “AXIS OF EVIL” North Korea Iran Iraq The toppling of the Taliban, Bush repeatedly insisted, marked only the beginning of the war on terrorism. In his State of the Union address of January 2002, the president accused Iran, North Korea and Iraq of harboring terrorists and developing “weapons of mass destruction” – nuclear, chemical and biological – that posed a potential threat to the United States.

FLASHBACK to 1990 Saddam Hussein The same year George H.W. Bush (older George Bush) was elected (1990), Iraq invaded and annexed neighboring Kuwait (see map above). Iraq had long been ruled by brutal dictator Saddam Hussein. In 1990, Hussein sent troops to invade Kuwait. Kuwait is one of the richest oil-producing nations in the Middle East and located in the Persian Gulf region. FLASHBACK TIME –see next slide.

“The United States will use military force if necessary to defend its national interests in the Persian Gulf.” - Carter Doctrine (1980) Remember me?

President George H.W. Bush feared the invasion of Kuwait (located in the Persian Gulf region) was the start of an Iraqi plan to seize Middle Eastern oil. To block such a move, Bush sent troops to Saudi Arabia. Bush built a coalition or alliance of more than 30 nations, including the Arab nations of Saudi Arabia, Syria, and Egypt. They demanded that Iraq withdraw from (get out of) Kuwait.

Iraq refused and the coalition began launching a series of air attacks against the Iraqi capital of Baghdad in January 1991. These were later followed by a ground attack. The Persian Gulf War only lasted six weeks. The U.S. and its allies were able to force Iraq out of Kuwait. Hussein, however, remained in place so did a large American presence in Saudi Arabia. PERSIAN GULF WAR (1990-1991)

PERSIAN GULF WAR (1990-1991) 1990 - Iraq invaded Kuwait Fearing that Iraqi dictator Saddam Hussein might next attack Saudi Arabia, Bush rushed troops to the Persian Gulf. The U.S. quickly drove Iraqi army from Kuwait The U.S. stayed in Saudi Arabia Outraged bin Laden who deemed an affront to their faith and as part of a Western plan to destroy Islam. After the Persian Gulf War, Saddam Hussein stayed in power in Iraq and, as previously stated, the U.S. stayed in Saudi Arabia. American presence in Saudi Arabia outraged (made angry) many people in the Middle East. Saudi Arabi is home to some of the holiest places for Muslims included Mecca. One person who was outraged by the American military presence in Saudi Arabia was a man named Osama bin Laden. After speaking publicly against the Saudi government for harboring American troops, he was banished and forced to live in exile in Sudan. PERSIAN GULF WAR (1990-1991)

al Qaeda in Sudan (1989-1996)

al Qaeda in Afghanistan (1996- ?) Bin Laden Returns to Afghanistan

“AXIS OF EVIL” Iran Iraq Who helped al Qaeda plan/prepare for the attacks of 9/11 and possess weapons of mass destruction? “AXIS OF EVIL” North Korea Iran Iraq U.S. President George W. Bush used the term "axis of evil" in his State of the Union Address on January 29, 2002,

Secretary of State Colin Powell holds up a bottle of anthrax in his 2003 UN address. Even though there was no known evidence linking Iraq and Saddam Hussein to the terrorist attacks of September 11, the Bush administration in 2002 insisted that he must be ousted from power because he had developed an arsenal of chemical and bacterial “weapons of mass destruction” and was seeking to acquire nuclear arms. Early in 2003, Secretary of State Powell delivered a speech claiming that Hussein possessed a mobile chemical weapons laboratory, had hidden weapons of mass destruction and was seeking to acquire uranium in Africa to build nuclear weapons. Shortly after Powell’s address, the president announced his intentions to go to war with or without the approval of the UN. Congress passed a resolution authorizing the president to use force if he deemed it necessary.

March 20, 2003 – the U.S. attacks Iraq

War in Afghanistan Timeline (2001-present) ? 2000 Taliban collapses? U.S. begins attack of Taliban Oct 2001 End of 2001 2002-2003 2004 “End to major combat” U.S. pledges to help rebuild Afghanistan “A Marshall Plan For Afghanistan” 2005 The first democratic elections are held The Taliban begins to regroup and attack U.S. troops. 2007 On Feb. 17, 2009, Obama approves sending 17,000 U.S. troops, on top of the 36,000 troops already there. x 2009 2010 Osama bin Laden killed in Pakistan 2011 Obama announces that U.S. combat operations in Afghanistan would end in December 2014, but 9,800 troops would remain in the country. 2014 U.S. halts withdrawal, the Taliban controls or contests over 70 districts and ISIS/ISIL establishes presence and begins to recruit fighters. 2015 2016

Iraq War Timeline (2003-present) 2000 Bush delivers “Axis of Evil” speech 2002 U.S. begins air strikes in Iraq 2003 Saddam Hussein Is captured Suicide bomber kills 17 people 2004 2005 U.S. responds with troop surge “Mission Accomplished!” 2007 Widespread sectarian violence between Shias and Sunnis often executed by a militant group that would become ISIS. 2008 The winding down of U.S. involvement in Iraq accelerated under President Barack Obama. 2010 2011 The U.S. formally withdrew all combat troops from Iraq Iraqi insurgency surged in the aftermath of the U.S. withdrawal. 2014 The Islamic State in Iraq and the Levant (ISIS) took over the cities of Mosul and Tikrit. 2015 Obama authorizes airstrikes against ISIL and humanitarian aid 2016