Renal Physiology Laboratory Exercise KAAP310 Figures from Pearson Education and other sources.

Renal system 1) Excretion role Filtering water and solutes  excrete excess water and waste products 2) Regulation role Plasma osmolarity (concentration, Osm/L) Plasma volume Body’s acid-base balance Body’s electrolyte balance  maintaining HOMEOSTASIS

Figure 40.1a Organs of the urinary system. Hepatic veins (cut) Inferior vena cava Esophagus (cut) Adrenal gland Renal artery Renal hilum Renal vein Aorta Kidney Iliac crest Ureter Rectum (cut) Uterus (part of female reproductive system) Urinary bladder Urethra © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 40.1b Organs of the urinary system. 12th rib © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 40.1c Organs of the urinary system. Anterior Inferior vena cava Aorta Peritoneum Peritoneal cavity (organs removed) Supportive tissue layers Renal vein Renal fascia anterior posterior Renal artery Perirenal fat capsule Kidney Fibrous capsule Body of vertebra L2 Body wall Posterior © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

Peritoneum Ureter Rugae Detrusor Adventitia Ureteric orifices Trigone of bladder Bladder neck Internal urethral sphincter Prostate Trigone Prostatic urethra Intermediate part of the urethra External urethral sphincter Urogenital diaphragm Urethra External urethral orifice Figure 40.2 Detailed structure of urinary bladder, urethral sphincters, and urethra. Spongy urethra Erectile tissue of penis External urethral orifice © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

Figure 40.3 Internal anatomy of the kidney. Renal hilum Cortical radiate vein Cortical radiate artery Renal cortex Arcuate vein Arcuate artery Renal medulla Interlobar vein Interlobar artery Segmental arteries Major calyx Renal vein Papilla of pyramid Renal artery Renal pelvis Renal pelvis Minor calyx Ureter Ureter Renal pyramid in renal medulla Renal column Fibrous capsule © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

Nephrons Functional units (millions!) Renal corpuscle: Renal tubule: Glomerulus (capillaries) Bowman’s capsule Afferent/efferent arteriole Renal tubule: Proximal convoluted tubule Loop of Henle Distal convoluted tubule Collecting duct Filtrate then drains in minor calyces RBC, WBC and proteins not filtered through the glomerulus into Bowman’s capsule, everything else filtered. PhysioEx 9.1

Nephrons Functions: Glomerular filtration Tubular reabsorption Tubular secretion Peritubular capillaries – surround the renal tubule, return reabsorbed substances to general circulation Fluid passes from the lumen of the glomerular capillary into glomerular capsule of the renal tubule Moves most of the filtrate back into the blood, leaving mainly salt water and the wastes in the lumen of the tubule. Active and passive reabsorption. Reverse if tubular reabsorption. Kidneys can rid the blood of additional unwanted substances (eg. Creatinine, ammonia)

Figure 40.5 A schematic, uncoiled nephron. Afferent arteriole Glomerular capillaries Efferent arteriole Cortical radiate artery Glomerular capsular space Glomerular capsule Renal tubule containing filtrate Figure 40.5 A schematic, uncoiled nephron. Peritubular capillary To cortical radiate vein Three major renal processes: Urine Glomerular filtration Tubular reabsorption Tubular secretion © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

Intravenous pyelogram (IVP) X-ray image of kidneys, ureters, bladder. May be ordered if patient reports hematuria (blood in urine) or another renal-related symptom. IVPs are being replaced by CT images in many practices. Dye is given by intravenous injection. Dye is filtered across glomerulus and accumulates in renal pelvis, then flows down ureters and into bladder. Dye shows up well on x-ray, giving an outline of the structures.

Normal IVP Scout image: before dye 5 min after dye 10 min after dye Case courtesy of Dr Aditya Shetty, Radiopaedia.org, rID: 27157 Scout image: before dye 5 min after dye Renal pelvis, ureters starting to appear 10 min after dye Ureters clearer, bladder filling 15 min after dye Bladder has more dye

Lab Activity Short Quiz 3 Models + worksheets PhysioEx Exercise 9 (one per group): 1. The effect of arteriole radius on glomerular filtration 2. The effect of pressure on glomerular filtration 3. Renal response to altered blood pressure 4. Solute gradients and their impact on urine concentration 5. Reabsorption of glucose via carrier proteins 6. The effect of hormones on urine formation No lab reports (see next slide)

Presentations Presentation of your group’s PhysioEx experiment 10-15 min + questions Due next lab period Structure: (must include but not limited to) Introduction/background Objective Methods and materials Results Discussion and conclusions Grading rubric posted in Lab Schedule tab.