Acquiring New Lands, America As a World Power 18.3-18.4 Acquiring New Lands, America As a World Power

Ruling Puerto Rico Multiple opinions by PR on being given to the US by Spain at the end of the war Some wanted independence Some wanted statehood During the war US military occupied PR - Gen. Nelson Miles in charge - Wanted to protect peacefully

Return To Civil Government Why Puerto Rico? - US wants PR as a base in the Caribbean and to keep watch in the area where we want to put a Canal (Panama) Foraker Act- (1900) passed by congress ends PR military rule and sets up a civil government. Act gives the president to power to appoint people to PR’s government Insular Cases- 1901, US supreme court ruled that the constitution did not automatically apply to territories - 1917 Congress gives right to vote to Puerto Rican’s and allows them to elect representatives, repealing part of the Foraker act

Cuban Independence? 1898 – US recognizes Cuba's independence at the beginning of the Spanish-American War Teller Amendment (1898): US is not taking over any part of Cuba. Treaty of Paris further guarantees this Cuba is independent yes US military stay’s in Cuba after the war Some Cuban’s protest However the US does provide food and clothing, schools, improves sanitation, and helps farmers get back to farming

Platt Amendment (1900) What the US insisted Cuba add to its new constitution Puts in writing the relationship between US and Cuba States that: - Cuba could not make treaties that might limit its independence or allow a foreign power to control any part of Cuba - US reserves right to intervene in Cuba - Cuba was not to go into debt that gov. couldn’t repay - US can buy or lease land in Cuba for Naval and refueling stations US will not withdraw troops until Cuba accepts Platt Amendment – Cubans Protest Cuba become a US protectorate (country who is controlled by a stronger power)

American Interests What the US really wants is to protect American business in Cuba (Sugar, tobacco, mining, railroads, and even Cuban public utilities Expanding Markets (Reasons for Imperialism) Some (including Carnegie) was against this but US moves forward with wanting control of Latin American countries

Filipinos Rebel Angry at the Treaty of Paris Was promised Independence and does not get it Emilio Aguinaldo (Rebel leader) – Leads rebellion in 1899 US takes strong approach (like Spain previously) Takes 3 years to get rid of the rebellion 20,000 Filipino’s die, 4,000 American’s and costs the US $400 million dollars At the end US gov. sets up gov. similar to the one in Puerto Rico

Open Door The Philippines is US entry to Asia (Expanding Markets!) US wants China (everyone wants China, big market) John Hay – US Secretary of State in 1899 issues series of policy statements called Open Door Notes - letters addressed to leaders of imperialist nations, share their trading rights with US (creating an open door) - No single nation can have monopoly on China - policy is accepted

Boxer Rebellion China is free, but Europeans dominate its large cities Groups against foreigners form the most famous of which were the Boxers Killed missionaries and other foreigners as well as Chinese who had converted to Christianity In 1900 troops from Britain, France, Germany, Japan, and the US march into the capital and squash the rebellion in two months Thousands of Chinese die

Protecting Our Interests Second round of Open Door notes after Boxer Rebellion Everyone should have trading rights to China Paves the way for American influence in Asia Reflects 3 beliefs about US capitalist economy: 1) US believes growth of US economy depends on exports 2) Felt US had a right to intervene abroad to keep foreign markets open 3) closing an area to American goods threatens our survival

TR’s Foreign Policy McKinley is assassinated in 1901 making TR president Believes in US presence overseas Negotiates peace between warring Russia and Japan which leads to many diplomatic talks between US and Japan as interest in East Asia increases

Panama Canal Many Americans want a canal that cuts through Central America Would greatly reduce ship travel time The Hay-Pauncefote Treaty of 1901 gives US is given exclusive rights to build and control a canal 2 routes proposed: One through Nicaragua, one through Panama Choose shorter route (Panama) lots of swamps France had already attempted in Panama US buys the land from them, Must get permission from Colombia (owns Panama) Negotiations fail, US works with Panamanians to rebel against Colombia Panama wins independence on Nov 3, 1903 15 days later Panama signs agreement w/ US to build canal for $10million and US will pay $250,000 rent each year, begin paying in 1913

Construction Building begins in 1904 and ends in 1914 Costs US $380 million Builders fight problems like several diseases ( yellow fever, malaria) and very soft volcanic soil August 15, 1914 Canal opens for business and more than 1,000 ships pass through the first year Foreign relations with Latin America are damaged due to how US got the territory for the canal

Roosevelt Corollary Late 1800’s Latin American Nations borrowed huge amounts of $$$ from Europe for internal developments (railroads, industries) TR didn’t want Europe intervening in Latin A if they defaulted on loans, wants US to be primary power 1904 Roosevelt Corollary: - Monroe Doctrine – (Europe stay out of Latin A) - Corollary adds to this US would now use force to protect economic interests in Latin A Big Stick Diplomacy “Speak softly and carry a big stick”

Dollar and Missionary Diplomacy Dollar Diplomacy was enacted under Roosevelt's administration Dollar Diplomacy was when the U.S. would go into foreign countries and ensure they were working on their loans to the American business men Ex. Nicaragua was in debt, America was repaid by taking their custom duties Missionary Diplomacy is developed during Wilsons administration According to the Missionary Policy the U.S. had any right to deny recognition to any Latin American country if they were oppressive, undemocratic, or hostile

The Mexican Revolution Porfirio Diaz had been the ruler of México and friend of the U.S> for 30 years He had encouraged large investments in coal, oil, RR’s, and ranches in his country by Americans In 1911 the peasant overthrew Diaz Francisco Madero became the leader President refused to recognize the new country because of its violence

U.S. Reaction Wilson adopts “watchful waiting” to see when the best time is to attack against Madero Madero’s General Huerta captured a group of American sailors They were quickly released and they apologized but America used this as an excuse to intervene U.S. marines sent in to intervene at Veracruz, 18 Americans and 200 Mexicans die Argentina, Brazil, and Chile come in to intervene and stop war (mediate the issue) 1915 Huerta regime collapses and Venustiano Carranza comes into power (U.S. likes)

Rebellion in Mexico Occurs Mexico does not like Carranza and they throw another rebellion led by Franscisco “Pancho” Villa and Emiliano Zapata They did not like Carranza’s government Villa did not like the U.S. either because they had recognized the government they wanted to overthrow Villa took American miners off and shot them General John J. Pershing and 15,000 men were in charge of finding Villa dead or alive Mexico threatens war so the U.S. backs off Pershing called home Ex. Of U.S. imperialism action