Header World Accreditation Day 2017 Celebrations - KENAS Quality of Building Materials and Impact on Construction 9 June 2017 Lafarge | Presentation | Confidential 29/09/2017

Points to Ponder on General Construction Construction is a high capital investment venture. Most individual home builders construct only once. Buildings have collapsed right across the country with fatalities - Nairobi, Kisii, Mombasa etc. Architects have mentioned 65% of Kenya Urban Buildings are substandard and unapproved It is important to get it right the first time, avoid shortcuts!

Factors affecting overall construction quality Professional design inputs - Capacity and competence Registered Engineers, Architects etc. Unskilled peronnel Quacks! Students! Materials quality Conformity to specifications Quality control/assurance Consistency Testing Proficiency of builders – Workmanship, experience and knowhow Construction methodology and equipment. Existing ground - foundation Weather – hot or raining Client interference

Key structural materials Concrete Cement Aggregates Water Admixtures Bricks and blocks Steel reinforcement KEBS or other Structural steelwork Timber

Impact of low quality materials on construction Compromised strength - Structural failure Cracks Spalling and crumbling Deflections Ultimate collapse Only collapse of large structures or where fatalities are present get reported. Compromised durability Impaired longevity Alkali-silica reactions Carbonation Sulphate, chlorides, magnesium attack etc. Low efficiency of functionality Cracking and leaking of low strength masonry units Natural lighting Burst pipes, water leakages

Construction Impact Ease and speed of construction Financial losses Poor aggregate shape resulting in harsh mixes. Regular blocks vs misshapen masonry units Financial losses Abortive work. Costly repairs. Delays with concomitant contractual ramifications. Legal costs. Loss of credibility Integrity Reputation Professional deregistration

Challenges on materials quality assurance Lack of level playing field. Manufactured materials e.g. cement undergo rigorous audits and issuance of permits issued and surveillance tests. Do water, sand and aggregates follow the same process? Testing deficiencies Rural areas do not have the same testing abilities as urban areas. Laboratories Personnel Constructors/developers greed Commercial construction – use cheapest. Deliberate lowering of quality e.g use of extra cement in concrete cubes that will be tested as opposed to what is used in the structure. Lack of knowledge Poor concrete mix proportions – individual quality may be ok. Cement type Reinforcement type Enforcement of standards

A Bamburi perspective Educate stakeholders – cement and concrete and associated materials Masons Professionals – Engineers, Architects, Quantity surveyors etc. Mobile concrete laboratory Rigid QC/QA on products manufacture Adhere to specifications KEBS permits on all products. Business decision to have the superior optional Diamond Mark of Quality on all products. Use in house rigid LafargeHolcim Global Quality Management systems.

A Bamburi Perspective Active participation in local and regional standard development/review activities Kenya Bureau of Standards EA Technical Committees Vertical integration Precast concrete works Ready mix concrete operation

A central facility in France A network of local Construction Development Labs L‘Isle d'Abeau (1990) Chongqing (2011) Rio de Janeiro (2014) Mumbai (2012) Algiers (2013) L’Isle d’Abeau (2012) 1 Research Center More than 200 researchers, over 50 PhDs,12 nationalities 5 Construction Development Labs close to local markets targeting to develop new business opportunities through: A strong orientation towards products applications & construction systems A deep understanding of local customers and local constructive modes specificities

Thank You!