Fungi

Kingdom Fungi Supergroup Unikonta Phylum Chytridiomycota- chytrids Phylum Glomeromycota Phylum Zygomycota – conjugation fungi Phylum Ascomycota (sac fungi)- yeasts, molds, morels, and truffles, lichens Phylum Basidiomycota (club fungi)- mushrooms, toadstools, rusts and smuts Phylum Deuteromycota- conidal molds

? Fungus-like protist Deuteromycota Chytrids (1,000 species) Hyphae 25 µm Chytrids (1,000 species) Fungus-like protist Zygomycetes (1,000 species) Fungal hypha Glomeromycetes (160 species) Ascomycetes (65,000 species) Basidiomycetes (30,000 species) ? Deuteromycota

The five fungal phyla can be distinguished by their reproductive features.

Division Chytridiomycota mainly aquatic. Some are saprobes, while others parasitize protists, plants, and animals. chitinous cell wall flagellated zoospores the most primitive fungi

Division Glomeromycota Endomycorrhizae are the most common type of mycorrhizal symbiosis {Arbuscular Mycorrhizae - AM }. Endomycorrhizal fungi do not coat the root. Only a few hyphae spread across the root's surface … enter into the root cells.

Glomeromycota Mycorrhizal symbioses Endomycorrhizae are the most common type of mycorrhizal symbiosis {Arbuscular Mycorrhizae - AM }. Endomycorrhizal fungi do not coat the root. Only a few hyphae spread across the root's surface … enter into the root cells.

Glomeromycota Mycorrhizal symbioses Endomycorrhizae are the most common type of mycorrhizal symbiosis {Arbuscular Mycorrhizae - AM }. Endomycorrhizal fungi do not coat the root. Only a few hyphae spread across the root's surface … enter into the root cells.

Glomeromycota Mycorrhizal symbioses An experimental test of the benefits of mycorrhizae. The plant on the right lacks mycorrhizae. Endomycorrhizae are the most common type of mycorrhizal symbiosis {Arbuscular Mycorrhizae - AM }. Endomycorrhizal fungi do not coat the root. Only a few hyphae spread across the root's surface … enter into the root cells.

Division Zygomycota “Zygote fungi” (bread molds) Zygote = “mated” hyphal strands Live in soil, water Some are parasites 600 species

Rhizopus

Rhizopus

Division Zygomycota

Conjugation in Rhizopus + - + - Conjugation in Rhizopus

Conjugation in Rhizopus

Asexual sporangia in Rhizopus

Division Ascomycota “Sac fungi” (truffles, yeast) Beer > 6,000 years Wine > 8,000 years Lichens Decomposers, pathogens “yeast” describes a form of fungi (i.e., non-hyphal) 60,000 species

Ascomycota Scarlet cup Morchella truffles

Ascomycota Close up of cheese showing blue-green mycelium of Penicillium roqueforti. Roquefort cheese

Yeast Candida albicans

LICHENS Crustose Fruticose Foliose

Lichen Anatomy

Penicillin conidia

Division Basidiomycota “Club fungi” (mushrooms) Club-shaped reproductive structure Food Plant diseases 25,000 species

Fairy Ring

Basidiocarp (Fruiting body) mycelium

basidiospores basidium Cross section through the gill of a mushroom illustrating basidia

The leaf-cutting ants of Central and South America create their food supply by forming a mutually beneficial association with certain fungi. They grow these fungi on gardens created from … leaves. The ants cannot digest cellulose …In the cell walls of leaves, but the fungus can. … the fungus converts the cellulose into carbohydrates. The ants then eat the fungus.

Rusts and Smuts

Bleeding tooth fungus Mycorrhizal association with coniferous trees Hydnellum peckii is a mycorrhizal species, and forms mutually beneficial relationships with a variety of coniferous trees, growing on the ground singly, scattered, or in fused masses. The fruit bodies typically have a funnel-shaped cap with a white edge, although the shape can be highly variable. Young, moist fruit bodies can "bleed" a bright red fluid that contains a pigment known to have anticoagulant properties similar to heparin. The unusual appearance of the young fruit bodies has earned the species several descriptive common names, including strawberries and cream, the bleeding Hydnellum, the bleeding tooth fungus, the red-juice tooth, and the Devil's tooth. Although Hydnellum peckii fruit bodies are readily identifiable when young, they become brown and nondescript when they age. Hydnellum peckii 

Division Deuteromycota Imperfect fungi 10,000 species No reproductive phase discovered ringworm

Division Deuteromycota