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Planarian mouth/anus Clonorchis: human liver fluke oral sucker pharynx cuticle esophagus gastrovascular cavity genital opening ventral sucker Flatworms are bisexual vitelline glands uterus vitelline duct ovary vas deferens Planarian seminal recepticle testes http://dragon.seowon.ac.kr/~bioedu/bio/ohp/t-162.jpg http://io.uwinnipeg.ca/~simmons/16labman05/lb5pg6_files/clonorchis01.jpg

Nematode Body Organization http://www.ua.es/dpto/dcarn/fitopatologia/Images/Celegans1.jpg Nematode Body Organization http://creatures.ifas.ufl.edu/nematode/nem_fig1.jpg http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/phyla/ecdysozoa/nematodexssm.gif

embryo in shell of zygote Caenorhabditis elegans is a bacteriovorous soil nematode, feeds on E. coli in vitro, is a genetic model organism, its genome is sequenced. N=6 XX=hermaphrodite XO=male protandrous Life cycle: 3 days at 20°C http://ucdnema.ucdavis.edu/imagemap/nemmap/Ent156html/nemas/c-elegans.gif vulva http://www.apsnet.org/education/feature/Celegans/Images/fig5.JPG embryo in shell of zygote anus mouth http://www.esa.int/export/images/Ce_400.jpg

syngamy meiosis protandrous clock starting at syngamy clock starting at zygote hatching http://nema.cap.ed.ac.uk/Caenorhabditis/C_elegans_genome/celeganslifecycle.jpg

http://myhome.naver.com/c65hoi5/c3/c33236.jpg

Circulatory: Gases, Nutrients, Wastes Major Organ Systems in an Earthworm Excretory: Reproductive: Male Female Circulatory: Gases, Nutrients, Wastes http://www.esu.edu/~milewski/intro_biol_two/lab__12_annel_arthro/images/lumbr_diagr_dissection.jpg Digestive: Food Intake Nutrient Absorption Muscular: Movement Dermal: Gas Exchange Nervous: Sensory and Coordination

http://biog-101-104. bio. cornell http://biog-101-104.bio.cornell.edu/BioG101_104/tutorials/animals/worm_stuff/worm_ventral.html http://sps.k12.ar.us/massengale/images/worms_mating.jpg http://sps.k12.ar.us/massengale/earthworm_dissection.htm

These two slugs are showing mating behavior. The slugs are dangling on a slime thread and grip each other with their feet. http://www.arnobrosi.com/6.jpg The slugs evert their reproductive organs out through the gonopore. http://www.arnobrosi.com/3.jpg The organs unite and spermatophores are exchanged. http://members.optushome.com.au/awnelson/davidavid/slug/ Sperm are stored in a spermatheca for a week or more. Syngamy and deposition of zygotes occurs later.

Most Animals: Life cycle Diplontic with Oogamous Syngamy http://www.sunnybankcollies.us/images/MyDogs/LongHairDachshund2.jpg SYNGAMY zygote Sporophyte Gametophyte sporangium sporocyte spores gametangia gametes germination mitosis differentiation 1N 2N MEIOSIS http://www.terrierman.com/greyhounds-italian-mating.jpg http://www.uniquetackels.com/images/Zagreb%202007/F2.jpg http://www.uniquetackels.com/images/Zagreb%202007/FR2.jpg

Spermato-genesis Oogenesis primary spermatocyte primary oocyte http://www.uniquetackels.com/images/Zagreb%202007/FR2.jpg http://www.uniquetackels.com/images/Zagreb%202007/F2.jpg Spermato-genesis Oogenesis primary spermatocyte primary oocyte meiosis I meiosis I secondary spermatocyte secondary oocyte meiosis II meiosis II ootid polar bodies spermatids differentiation differentiation Compare Fig. 48.3 Pg. 1082 spermatozoa ovum

polyparous (not uniparous) polytocous (not monotocous) Of course canines are: polyparous (not uniparous) polytocous (not monotocous) So multiple oocytes mature in each estrus cycle. http://www.uniquetackels.com/images/puppies4.jpg http://www.uniquetackels.com/images/Bjanka1.jpg Humans are uniparous (monotocous) with some rare exceptions. We are more like sheep and cetaceans than like dogs or cats or rats. Fraternal twins appear in some families…and can have different fathers if the mother is promiscuous! Sounds like a Maury Povich show!

Which came first: the chicken or the egg? #1 http://www.labs.roslin.ac.uk/images/Chicken_SC3.jpg http://image.guardian.co.uk/sys-images/Guardian/Pix/pictures/2006/05/26/chicken192.jpg A life cycle is a circle so, this seems paradoxical to non-biologists. For biologists, the answer is an easy one! The egg evolved back when our line of evolution went from anisogamous to oogamous! This was WAY, WAY, WAY before there were any such species as a chicken (Gallus gallus)… before there were dinosaurs…before there were vertebrates…likely before there were even animals!

As biologists we have to agree with this cartoon: http://members.lycos.nl/cownchicken/ep/ep-egg.jpg http://www.myspacegraphicsandanimations.com/images/chicken-egg2.jpg As biologists we have to agree with this cartoon: http://danielfranklingomez.com/blog/wp-content/uploads/2007/03/ec.jpg

Of course, not every “egg” is an egg… Eggs never hatch into chickens! http://www.feathersite.com/Poultry/PPGraphics/TurkeyEggs.JPEG http://img75.imageshack.us/img75/2216/chickxc4.gif Of course, not every “egg” is an egg… Eggs never hatch into chickens! Zygotes in shells do! What could be a “fertilized egg”?

Amphibia: Toad eggs--larval forms are strictly aquatic http://web.ukonline.co.uk/m.hoult/a_an_r/images/tadpole.jpg Adults are somewhat terrestrial This pair is in amplexus (mating) Syngamy is external. http://www.uri.edu/cels/nrs/paton/wood%20frog/EXPORT%20PHOTOS/EX_woframplx6_se.jpg

Bill of duck (but with teeth!) Fur/Hair Mammalia: platypus Bill of duck (but with teeth!) Fur/Hair Lays “egg” with yolk (reptile?) Syngamy is internal Milk glands feed young but no nipple, they just lick it off the fur http://www.epa.qld.gov.au/images/nature_conservation/platypus.jpg http://www.brokenrivermr.com.au/Graphics/Platypus/egg.jpg http://www.kidzone.ws/animals/platypus.jpg