Chapter 14 Cyber Crimes © 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved

Introduction—Objectives Discuss typical uses for the Internet. Differentiate among the three general categories of cyber crime. Discuss the process of investigating and processing various types of computer evidence. Distinguish among the four types of computer evidence presented at court. Forensic Science II: Cyber Crimes, Chapter 14 © 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved

Introduction—Objectives Identify various types of evidence that can be collected at a cyber crime scene and its forensic value. Discuss the importance of the various tools available to cyber crime investigators/experts. Explain the importance of the expert witness in cyber crimes. Forensic Science II: Cyber Crimes, Chapter 14 © 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved

Introduction—Objectives Examine how cyber evidence is documented. Discuss concerns associated with the future of cyber crimes. Forensic Science II: Cyber Crimes, Chapter 14 © 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved

Introduction—Vocabulary clone—a copy made in the same type of media computer forensics—the specialized practice of identifying, preserving, extracting, documenting, and interpreting electronic data that can be used as evidence content spyware—software that is used to allow a hacker to access all the activity on an individual’s personal/business computer Forensic Science II: Cyber Crimes, Chapter 14 © 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved

Introduction—Vocabulary cyber-terrorism—hacking into a company’s internal networking system for the purpose of demonstrating or protesting a political agenda hacking—intentionally entering an unauthorized network system Internet forensics—uses the same analysis techniques as computer forensics except the emphasis is placed on the Internet as a whole Forensic Science II: Cyber Crimes, Chapter 14 © 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved

Introduction—Vocabulary malware—software designed to provide unauthor-ized access to a computer system phishing—illegally gathering personal information Trojan horse—software designed with the intention to harm a computer or the information therein worm—self-replicating malware program that spreads through a computer system by sending copies of itself to networked computers Forensic Science II: Cyber Crimes, Chapter 14 © 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved

It Takes a Hacker Kevin Mitnick, computer hacker, evaded detection until he hacked Shimomura’s computer Tsutomu Shimomura, a computer engineer, helped the FBI catch the elusive hacker Monitoring posts track Mitnick’s activities Trail led to Raleigh, NC Driving the streets to pick up signature signals Mitnick is the first convicted of gaining access to an interstate computer for criminal purposes Forensic Science II: Cyber Crimes, Chapter 14 © 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved

Introduction (Obj 14.1) Computer forensics—is the systematic identification, preservation, extraction, documentation, and analysis of electronic data that could potentially be used as evidence in court Internet forensics—similar to computer forensics but with an emphasis on the Internet as a whole Forensic Science II: Cyber Crimes, Chapter 14 © 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved

Identity Theft A criminal can obtain personal information by: Searching trash for sensitive papers that are not shredded Phishing—defrauding a victim by sending e-mails that look real and asking for information Spyware programs that reside on a victim’s computer and collect sensitive information Forensic Science II: Cyber Crimes, Chapter 14 © 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved

Phishing Example Forensic Science II: Cyber Crimes, Chapter 14 © 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved

Phishing Process Forensic Science II: Cyber Crimes, Chapter 14 © 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved

Types of Cyber Crime (Obj 14.2) Computer integrity crimes Computer-assisted crimes Computer content crimes Forensic Science II: Cyber Crimes, Chapter 14 © 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved

1 – Computer Integrity Crimes Crimes that involve illegal access to data on a computer or network Hacking—intentionally entering an unauthorized computer or network Hacker1—someone entering with criminal intent Hacker2—someone who is hired to legitimately test the vulnerability of a security system Cyber-terrorism—hacking into a network for protesting a political agenda Forensic Science II: Cyber Crimes, Chapter 14 © 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved

Hacker Computer Code Forensic Science II: Cyber Crimes, Chapter 14 © 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved

Computer Integrity Crimes Social Engineering—establishing trust with key inside people with the intent of determining possible passwords Malware—software designed to provide unauthorized access to a computer Trojan horse—appears legitimate, but Worm—self-replicating malware that spreads to other computers and networks Content spyware—allows a hacker to access all the activity on an individual’s computer Forensic Science II: Cyber Crimes, Chapter 14 © 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved

2 – Computer-Assisted Crimes The Virtual Bank Robbery The Virtual Sting The Virtual Scam Forensic Science II: Cyber Crimes, Chapter 14 © 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved

3 – Computer Content Crimes Posting illegal content on the Internet Sexually explicit materials Child pornography Hateful or aggressive speech or text related to race and extreme politics Distribution of information about making and using drugs and weapons Sites for organizations to do harm Distasteful emails, chat rooms, and blogs Forensic Science II: Cyber Crimes, Chapter 14 © 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved

Investigation and Prosecuting (Obj 14.3, 14.4, 14.5, 14.6, 14.7, 14.8) Forensic value of collectable evidence Forensic Science II: Cyber Crimes, Chapter 14 © 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved

Investigation and Prosecuting Preserving the Evidence Chain of custody Turn off or pull the plug? When and how to turn a computer on Forensic Science II: Cyber Crimes, Chapter 14 © 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved

Investigation and Prosecuting Analyzing the Evidence Cloning—creating an exact copy of the hard drive, bit by bit Use the hard drive copy for analysis Difficult to find the pertinent data Software programs sort and index computer evidence Forensic Science II: Cyber Crimes, Chapter 14 © 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved

Trace Evidence In computer forensics, trace evidence is essentially hidden evidence in deleted files. A computer’s hard drive is made up of sectors, chunks of memory to store files and data. The sectors consist of clusters, smaller segments of memory. Forensic Science II: Cyber Crimes, Chapter 14 © 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved

How Slack Space is Created Forensic Science II: Cyber Crimes, Chapter 14 © 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved

Recovering Metadata Forensic Science II: Cyber Crimes, Chapter 14 © 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved

Forensic Tools When deciding what equipment to use, take into consideration: type of investigation type of evidence operating system extensive training in the equipment financial resources of the cyber crime department Forensic Science II: Cyber Crimes, Chapter 14 © 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved

Documenting Evidence Relevant and fact-based Understandable format Clearly written Describe evidence collection process Results clearly stated Forensic Science II: Cyber Crimes, Chapter 14 © 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved

Presenting Computer Evidence in Court Four types of computer evidence may be presented in court Real—actual and tangible Documentary—written Testimonial—written or spoken by witness Demonstrative—facts or objects Forensic Science II: Cyber Crimes, Chapter 14 © 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved

Presenting Computer Evidence in Court Forensic Science II: Cyber Crimes, Chapter 14 © 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved

Expert Testimony The expert must tell the jury What he or she did Why he or she did it How he or she did it What the findings were Forensic Science II: Cyber Crimes, Chapter 14 © 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved

Future of Cyber Crime (Obj 14.9) Encourage cyber ethics Educate the public to protect itself and understand the consequences Keeping up with new technologies Forensic Science II: Cyber Crimes, Chapter 14 © 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved

Chapter Summary Individuals and businesses use the Internet to provide mobile access to data, to share information, for education, and for communication. The Internet is important for financial transactions As we rely more and more on the Internet, the greater the risk of unauthorized access to private information Forensic Science II: Cyber Crimes, Chapter 14 © 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved

Chapter Summary The 3 categories of computer and Internet crimes: computer integrity crimes, computer-assisted crimes, and computer content crimes. Hackers have strong skills in computers and computer systems they are trying to expose. Phishing is defrauding the victim by sending a fraudulent, real-looking e-mail that asks the recipient to update (reveal) their personal information. Forensic Science II: Cyber Crimes, Chapter 14 © 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved

Chapter Summary All evidence collected during an investigation of a cyber crime must first be cloned. Documented evidence in a report must be concise and fact based. Four types of computer evidence are used in court real evidence, documentary evidence, testimonial evidence, and demonstrative evidence. Forensic Science II: Cyber Crimes, Chapter 14 © 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved

Chapter Summary Collected data is typically the most compelling evidence provided in cyber crime trials; However, investigators must first prove that the integrity of the hardware was maintained when collecting the evidence. The expert witness: is often key in the decision made by a jury, and must present fact-based evidence in a way that is clear and convincing to a jury. Forensic Science II: Cyber Crimes, Chapter 14 © 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved

Chapter Summary The potential pool of cyber criminals grows as technology improves, and the number of people who use computers grows. As technology advances, law-enforcement agencies must continue to establish procedures and methods for managing online activity. Forensic Science II: Cyber Crimes, Chapter 14 © 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved