Model-based design for decision making Bergseth E., Söderberg A., Sellgren U., Möller B., Wahlström J. and Johansson K.* KTH Machine Design & *Scania Scholarship of Teaching and Learning March 16, 2017

What is a model? F = ma En modell kan vara enkel (F=ma), a molecular model, eller komplex (helbilsmock-up), flow diagram or a matrix representation of a system. Scholarship of Teaching and Learning March 16, 2017

Model A model is a simplified representation of an object or a process. A model is a mental, physical or virtual cognitive tool. With the term model we limit our scope to computer-based models. In the context of Engineering Design, a model is a cognitive tool with the purpose to assist the process! Scholarship of Teaching and Learning March 16, 2017

Why is model-based design? Model-based design enables simulation-driven product development (or virtual product development). Scholarship of Teaching and Learning March 16, 2017

ANSYS GEOMETRY CONTACT PRESSURE, WEAR PROPAGATION, VOLUME LOSS WEAR LAW TEST CYCLE Scholarship of Teaching and Learning March 16, 2017

V-model – a structured sequence of activities analysis raw design fine design integration validation verification mechanics electronics informatics, I&C system- level subsystem-level single part realisation product requirements product/unit V-model according to VDI 2206 guideline Farhan A. Salem and Ahmad A. Mahfouz, Mechatronics Subsystems' Classification, Role, Selection Criteria and Synergistic Integration in Overall System Design, American Journal of Educational Science, 2 (3), 2016,16-28 A V-model can be interpreted as a reference model that is used to propose an iterative process in design for ensuring product characteristics. In the various stages of development, modelling and model analysis covers system design to discipline-specific (i.e. to study a specific physical phenomenon) and complete system integration. VDI 2206 guideline Scholarship of Teaching and Learning March 16, 2017

Background The Machine section at KTH was founded in 1910 as one of seven sections. At that time it was a 3 year program with 85 students. Scholarship of Teaching and Learning March 16, 2017

Background The purpose of this study is to map how model-based design is educated, trained and used for decision making Mechanical Engineering Mechatronics Machine Design Internal combustion engines 140 students yearly 80-100 students yearly Engineering Design master programs: 1st cycle 2nd cycle 20% av Mech Eng går vidare till något av spåren. Scholarship of Teaching and Learning March 16, 2017

Approach Do we have the same view on model-based design? Do we provide the best conditions to prepare for master level studies? Will we better engage and challenge 1st cycle students by introducing model-based design? Can we see a pattern by just studying the course plans? Scholarship of Teaching and Learning March 16, 2017

Approach Eight course syllabuses in total have been analysed. Wording were quantitatively measured in the learning outcomes. Bloom’s taxonomy was used to identify verbs to describe student learning. Course descriptions were qualitatively assessed. Scholarship of Teaching and Learning March 16, 2017

8 course syllabuses analysed (mandatory courses 1st and 2nd cycle) Scholarship of Teaching and Learning March 16, 2017

Wording related to model-based design - What does these words mean? Model – a simplified representation of an object or a process Tool – a design can be supported by software tools such as CAD Method – a structured sequence of activities, e.g. VDI 2206 guideline System – an aggregation of components that work together to fulfil a common function Simulation – experimenting with a model Scholarship of Teaching and Learning March 16, 2017

1st cycle 2nd cycle Scholarship of Teaching and Learning March 16, 2017

Examples of re-formulated learning outcomes in 1st cycle courses Original: Apply 3D-CAD for drawing, 3D illustration and for higher grade be able to animate the illustration. Re-formulated: Model a system using a CAD tool to communicate product manufacturing information and system behaviour. Original: With given cooling conditions estimate the temperature of an electric motor for some time after a known load is applied. Re-formulated: Model temperature change in an electrical motor system. Original: Be able to choose the appropriate standard components and common construction materials. Re-formulated: Fulfill system design criteria's by selecting appropriate machine components using standard methods. Scholarship of Teaching and Learning March 16, 2017

Bloom’s taxonomy Summary of verbs found in all 8 learning outcomes Scholarship of Teaching and Learning March 16, 2017

Bloom’s taxonomy % of learning levels Remembering Understanding Applying Analyzing Evaluating Creating Higher level Lower level to identify verbs to describe student learning Bloom B. S. and Krathwohl, Taxonomy of Educational Objectives: The Classification of Educational Goals, by a committee of college and university examiners. Handbook I: Cognitive Domain. New York, Longmans, Green, 1956. Scholarship of Teaching and Learning March 16, 2017

1st and 2nd cycle Lower level of learning Higher level of learning Scholarship of Teaching and Learning March 16, 2017

1st and 2nd cycle Scholarship of Teaching and Learning March 16, 2017

Reflections It was found that modeling is seldom used in the 1st cycle courses even when a course makes use of modeling to predict or understand a specific behaviour. Physical and computer models should be used in concert already in 1st cycle courses. At 2nd cycle courses, models are used to a much greater extent. Learning outcomes can be re-formulated using words linked to model-based design. Scholarship of Teaching and Learning March 16, 2017

Further work Is it necessary and possible to include the “big picture” already in the first cycle courses, i.e. would we better meet the learning outcomes by introducing model-based design in first cycle courses? Interview teachers and students. Work with the CDIO curriculum-design perspectives. Scholarship of Teaching and Learning March 16, 2017

Thanks! Scholarship of Teaching and Learning March 16, 2017