Introduction to Animal Science

Investigate agriculture animals in order to build a foundational knowledge for advanced animal science studies

Adapting animal behavior to fit the needs of people. ANIMAL DOMESTICATION Adapting animal behavior to fit the needs of people.

REASONS FOR DOMESTICATION To ensure a steadier supply of food and clothing Companionship Assist in labor

RESULTS OF DOMESTICATION Less dependence on hunting and wild plants for food A surer source of food and clothing A more settled way of life Selective breeding

WHAT IS SELECTIVE BREEDING? Selecting animals with certain desirable characteristics to use for breeding purposes

ORIGIN OF CATTLE Bos taurus- European cattle Bos indicus- Humped cattle from tropical countries. India First brought to the U.S. by Columbus

Cattle Bos taurus Bos indicus

ORIGIN OF CATTLE Major growth of large herds in great plains states because of grazing. Midwest and north central states became the main area for finishing cattle because of grain.

US Cattle Finishing Grazing

ORIGIN OF SWINE Sus scrofa and Sus vittatus. Chinese were first to tame pigs Brought to new world by Columbus DeSoto took hogs westward Midwestern cornbelt states became largest hog producing area

Swine Sus scrofa Sus vittatus

ORIGIN OF SHEEP One of the first animals tamed by humans Brought to new world by Columbus Used by colonists mainly for wool Northeast and Western states are main sheep producing areas

Sheep 4000 BC

ORIGIN OF GOATS Pasang and Grecian Ibex- Wild goats found in Asia Minor Goats brought to new world for milk and hair

Goats Western Asia

ORIGIN OF HORSES Evolved from Eohippus First tamed in Asia or Persia Brought to new world by Columbus Horses were left behind by explorers Brought to new world for work animals

Horses Asia and Persia

ORIGIN OF POULTRY Gallus gallus- Wild jungle fowl, ancestor of tame chickens Turkeys were probably tamed by people originally living in America

Poultry Egypt India and China North America

Objective 3.01 Recall animal breeds and sex terminology

Castrated Male (Immature) Terms Species Intact Male Castrated Male (Immature) Immature Female Mature Female Newborn Cattle Bull Steer Heifer Cow Calf Swine Boar Barrow Gilt Sow Piglet Poultry Rooster Capon Pullet Hen Chick Turkey Tom Poult Sheep Ram Wether Ewe Lamb Ewe Lamb Goat Buck Doeling Doe Kid Dog Stud Neutered Bitch Puppy Cat Tomcat Molly Queen Kitten

Physical Characteristics Intact Males: More muscular overall Typically larger in stature Grow faster than females OFTEN exhibit extra muscle in the neck area.

Physical Characteristics Castrated male: Slower growing and have less muscle overall Look for evidence of male genitalia such as a sheath to distinguish from females.

Physical Characteristics Mature Female: Larger Body Structure than immature females. Mammary Glands more evident even when they are not lactating.

Physical Characteristics Immature Female: Smaller Stature Examine genitalia to distinguish from young male animals.

Objective Identify the major breeds of beef, swine, and poultry

Breeds are categorized… By Phenotypic Traits: Color and/or color patterns Frame and size-heavy vs. light boned. Tall vs. short Long body vs. short body Degree of muscling Environmental adaptations Extra skin to improve heat tolerance and insect resistance

Angus

Beef Breeds Angus Black Polled Originated in Scotland It is the most “registered” purebred High in carcass quality

Hereford

Beef Breeds Hereford Red with White face Horns Originated in England Docile Gentle temperament Good foragers Efficient converters of forage crops

Polled Hereford

Polled Hereford Developed from the horned Hereford breed Originated in 1901 Warren Gammon Des Moines, Iowa

Charolais

Beef Breeds Charolais White to light straw colored Naturally Horned Breeding-up has created polled animals Large framed Originated in France

Brahman

Brahman

Beef Breeds Brahman Light Gray to Black or Red Originated in India Pronounced hump Loose Dewlap Insect resistant Heat tolerant

Simmental

Beef Breeds Simmental No set color pattern Large framed cattle Rapid growing cattle breed

Limousin

Limousin Native to the south central part of France Golden-red cattle

Beefmaster (Bull)

Beefmaster Developed from: Developed by Ed Lasater in 1908 Brahman Hereford Shorthorn Developed by Ed Lasater in 1908

Shorthorn

Shorthorn Originated in England Originally used as a dual purpose breed for meat and milk Sometimes called the Durham breed Red, red & white, or roan in color Roan means that one hair is half one color (red) and half white

Texas Longhorn

Longhorn Developed entirely by nature in North America Known for its long horns They have high fertility The breed was near extinction in 1927

Beef Breeds Quiz Beef Breeds Quiz #2

Dairy Breeds

Holstein

Dairy Breeds Holstein 90% of the dairy cattle in the US Black and white color pattern Largest frames dairy breed Leading producer of milk Produce about 18,000 lbs. Of milk per cow per year

Other Dairy Breeds Jersey Guernsey Ayrshire Brown Swiss Cream to light fawn to almost black Smallest framed dairy breed Number one in milk butterfat Guernsey Fawn and white Ayrshire Cherry red and white Brown Swiss Solid brown

Guernsey

Ayrshire

Jersey

Brown Swiss

Try the Breeds Quiz

Identifying Breeds of Swine

American Landrace White Long Body Big loped forward ears Large litters Good mothering ability Originated in Denmark

American Landrace

Duroc Red Drooped ears Good growth rate Excellent feed conversion

Duroc

Hampshire Black with a white belt Erect ears Good muscle Carcass leanness

Hampshire

Yorkshire White Erect ears Large litters Good feed efficiency Excellent growth and mothering ability Long carcass

Yorkshire

Poland China Drooped ears Black and white Sound in its feet and legs

Poland China

Chester White Chester County, Pennsylvania Intermingled English breeds

Chester White

Tamworth English breed Ireland Bacon-type

Tamworth

Berkshire Black and white Erect ears Fast and efficient growth Reproductive efficiency Cleanness Meatiness

Berkshire

Spotted Swine Popular with farmers and commercial swine producers for their ability to transmit their fast-gaining, feed efficient, meat qualities to their offspring

Spotted Swine

Try the Swine Breed Quiz

Assignment Read pages 239 to 268 in the Livestock and Companion Animals textbook Answer the following questions and turn in on notebook paper:

Assignment (p. 239-248) What is a new breed of pig that looks like the Hereford Cattle Breed? Explain what a hybrid hog is. What is the current consumer trend in swine type? How many piglets are produced on average at each birth? How do you accurately measure backfat?

Total Confinement

Farrowing Crate

Identifying Breeds of Poultry

Breeds, Varieties, Types & Classes There are no breed registries for poultry unlike other farm animals. Most commercial producers develop their own “breeds” through crossbreeding different strains/breeds.

Breeds, Varieties, Types & Classes Breed- group of related fowl that breed true for a specific trait Type- purpose for which it is breed (meat or egg type) Classes- geographic origin (Mediterranean, American, English and Asiatic)

Egg Producers Layers- chickens that produce eggs White egg producers- small in size White Leghorns- white plumage Brown egg producers- larger birds that are not as economical as Leghorns Rhode Island Reds- dark red plumage New Hampshires- red plumage Plymouth Rocks- white plumage

White Leghorns (white egg)

Rhode Island Red (brown eggs)

Barred Rock

Layer Cages

Meat Producers Chickens used for meat production are called Broilers Birds used for meat production are usually commercial crosses Example: White Plymouth Rock females mated to Cornish (English class) males

Confinement Broiler House

Confinement Broiler House

Turkeys Broad Breasted White White plumage Shanks, feet, and beak is white to pink White pinfeathers Increases the value of the carcass Can survive better in hotter climates Good body confirmation but smaller than other breeds

Broad Breasted White

Turkeys Broad Breasted Bronze Black plumage Dark colored pinfeathers Largest of the turkey varieties Poor fertility and reproductive problems Males are not good breeders

Broad Breasted Bronze

Turkeys Beltsville Small Whites Developed by the USDA Similar to the Broad Breasted Whites Averages about 10 lbs. less in mature body weight

Beltsville Small Whites

Commercial Livestock Used in the livestock and poultry industry Crosses of more than one breed or strain of breeds Adds in genetic diversity Livestock have more desired traits Undesirable traits can be lessened Used by most producers

Livestock External Anatomy

Objective 1.03 Recognize the major parts of cattle, swine and poultry

External Parts Anatomy Modified skin: The science of body structure horns hooves feathers fur wool hair

Cattle Parts

Cattle Parts

Cattle Parts In your notebook draw a diagram of a beef cow labeling 20 different parts including the 11 red stars in the class diagram

Cattle Parts

Structural Soundness

Structural Soundness

Structural Soundness

Structural Soundness

External Parts Quiz

Swine Parts In your notebook draw a diagram of a swine labeling 15 different parts including red stars in the class diagram

Swine Parts

Poultry Parts comb wattles beak eye ring ear lobe vent hock Diagram a chicken in your notes labeling these parts: (use the diagram in your textbook for help) comb wattles beak eye ring ear lobe vent hock toes breast back abdomen body shank

Poultry Parts

Competency 2.00 Recognize the benefits and importance of agricultural animals

Objective Breeds 2.01 State the importance of livestock products and by-products

Livestock Products Work in groups of three and write down as many animals products and by-products as you can. You have ~5 min. to complete this task! We will make a class list to compare all of them.

Livestock Products 1. Food 2. Clothing 3. Shelter 4. Power meat, milk, cheese, eggs 2. Clothing wool, leather from hides 3. Shelter tents from hides 4. Power work in less developed countries

Livestock Products 5. Recreation 6. Fuel 7. Animals are converters horse back riding, rodeos 6. Fuel burn dry animal manure 7. Animals are converters eat stuff humans will not eat and convert these materials into food meat, eggs, milk, etc.

Which of the following was not made from animals:

Answer!

By-Products 1. Wool (from??) 2. Leather (from??) 3. Candy and chewing gum from animal fat 4. Gelatin - from horns, hooves, bones, and hides 5. Glue, cosmetics, waxes, soap, lubricants, brushes, etc.

Wool

By-Products 6. Animal feeds from scrap meat and bones and blood meal 7. Insulin for diabetics from livestock pancreas

By-Products 8. Heparin 9. Candles 10. Fertilizer for blood clotting from livestock lungs 9. Candles 10. Fertilizer

Assignment You and a partner will choose any animal by-product and create a brochure Discuss what the by-product is. Which animal and part does it come from? Do we still use these by-products today? Or do we make it synthetically now? What is the history behind this by-product? Who created it? Was it just found? Who created the use for it? Etc…

Trends in Animal Science Income from livestock, poultry, and their products is about twice that from all crops in NC.

Objective 2.02 Describe the economic importance and trends for each major classes of livestock and poultry produced in North Carolina

Swine

Trends in NC Swine The top agriculture commodity in North Carolina found mostly in the eastern 1/2 of the state North Carolina ranks 2nd nationally Iowa is 1st

Trends in NC Swine The swine industry brings in over 1.5 billion dollars to the state The number of swine farms is decreasing The size of farms is increasing

Poultry

Trends in NC Poultry Broilers are one of NC’s top ranked commodity Broilers bring in over 1.5 billion dollars in cash receipts to NC agriculture

Trends in NC Poultry Recent health concerns has increased the consumption of poultry products less fat subcutaneous fat layer Regardless of the salmonella poisoning scare.

Livestock, Dairy and Poultry Cash Receipts from Farm Marketing, 2001

Economic Importance Turkeys bring in about $500,000,000 to NC economy Cattle bring in approximately $200 million

Cabarrus County Livestock Rank Within State, (2010 estimates) Hogs- 46st (5,700) Cattle-23rd (11,600) Beef Cattle 15th (6,400) Milk Cattle 24th (400) Broilers- 39th (3,400,000) Livestock together brought in $19,934,000 to NC (ranked 48th)

Statistics Charts and statistics provided by: NCDA USDA http://www.ncagr.com/stats/index.htm USDA http://www.usda.gov/nass/