HASRULZAMAN BIN HASSAN BASRI Tourism Potential Through Conservation Study In Wind Cave Nature Reserve, Sarawak, Malaysian Borneo HASRULZAMAN BIN HASSAN BASRI Department of Zoology, Faculty of Resource Science and Technology, University Malaysia Sarawak, 94300 Kota Samarahan, Sarawak

Introduction 54% - cave dweller and these species uses the cave their main or occasional roosting sites (Payne et al., 1985; Rahman et al., 2011). Pollinators, Providing guano as the energy source for cave ecosystem. Pest control

Study Site Wind Cave Nature Reserve , Bau, Sarawak Home for a large number of bats species and are vital area for bats Source: Qhairil, (2015)

Ecological studies at WCNR Methods: Ecological study Methods Bat diversity Trapping (mist nets, harp trap & hand nets Standard measurement Roost site mapping Observation (line transect & “caving”) Trapping Roost site preferences Temperature & humidity Light intensity Sound intensity HOBO data logger Observation Decibel Meter Version 1.6 application Echolocation Wildlife Acoustic Song Meter (Echometer EM3+) Analysis (Kaleidoscpe V2.0.1)

Result Bat diversity Roost site mapping Roost site preferences Echolocation

A. Family Species Present study, 2015 Julius, 2014 Mohd-Ridwan # Family Species Present study, 2015 Julius, 2014 Mohd-Ridwan et al., 2011 Hall et al., 2001   PTEROPODIDAE 1 Cynopterus brachyotis + 2 Cynopterus horsfieldii 3 Penthetor lucasi * 4 Balionycteris maculate 5 Eonycteris spelaean EMBALLONURIDAE 6 Emballonura alecto RHINOLOPHIDAE 7 Rhinolophus arcuatus 8 Rhinolophus borneensis * 9 Rhinolophus affinis * 10 Rhinolophus luctus *** NYCTERIDAE 11 Nycteris tragata MEGADERMATIDAE 12 Megaderma spasma * HIPPOSIDERIDAE 13 Hipposideros diadema * 14 Hipposideros larvatus * 15 Hipposideros ater ** 16 Hipposideros bicolor 17 Hipposideros coxi * 18 Hipposideros ridleyi 19 Hipposideros galeritus * 20 Hipposideros cervinus * VESPERTILIONIDAE 21 Kerivoula pellucida 22 Kerivoula hardwickii 23 Kerivoula papillosa 24 Myotis ater 25 Myotis horsfieldii * 26 Myotis montivagus 27 Tylonycteris robustula 28 Tylonycteris pachypus A.

B. Source: Qhairill (2014)

C. # Family Species Temp (°C) Humidity (%) Sound Intensity Light 1 Pteropodidae P. lucasi   24.38 62.21 78 Bright, Twilight 2 Megadermatidae M. spasma 26.5 74.70 56 3 Vespertelionidae M. horsfieldii 23.88 78.49 65 4 Rhinolophidae R. borneensis 24.5 97.58 55 Twilight, Dark 5 R. affinis 24.68 93.20 46 6 Hipposideridae H. cervinus 24.10 92.14 67 Dark 7 H. galeritus 24.69 100 8 H. diadema 23.84 93.62 58 9 H. larvatus 24.44 93.77 57 10 H. coxi 24.23 95.30 44

Frequency-modulated (FM) Species Vespertilioninae Myotis horsfieldii Constant frequency (CF) Species Frequency (Khz) Rhinolophidae   Rhinolophus affinis 68±2 Rhinolophus borneensis 81±2 Rinolophus luctus 39±2 Hipposideridae Hipposideros cervinus 120±5 Hipposideros coxi 45±2 Hipposideros diadema 66±3 Hipposideros larvatus 90±3 Hipposideros galeritus 110±5 Hipposideros ater 135±5 D. Frequency-modulated (FM)   Species Frequency (Khz) Vespertilioninae Myotis horsfieldii 65±2 Myotis montivagus 43±2

Discussion Increasing species richness Roost behavior Shelter Cave, primary forest, food availability and site status Roost behavior wing membrane thickness ability to echolocate time of emergence to prey morphological characteristic Source: Hasrul (2015)

Roost preferences Echolocation Temperature and humidity Light and sound intensity Distance to the entrance Maneuverability Echolocation Two types Constant frequency (CM) Frequency modulated (FM) Species specific Source: Hasrul (2015) Source: Hasrul (2015)

Ecological study and conservation More information Conserve bats population Reduce threat Noise Increase awareness Maintaining surrounding ecosystem Controlled anthropogenic activities

Ecological study and ecotourism The new information were produced. These are useful to the park management to disseminate to the public. Will increase the interest of tourist toward bats Providing social and economic benefits Provide working conservation initiatives that have benefited the bats, local economy, and habitat of other species thus bat tourism initiative should be explored and implemented in other areas where bats, local economies and native people could benefit from such ventures

Intermediate horseshoe bat Rhinolophus affinis Intermediate horseshoe bat Status (IUCN) : Least concern Temperature : 24.68 °C Humidity : 93.2 % Sound intensity : 46 dB Light intensity : Twilight, Dark Echolocation : 68 ± 2 Khz Description: This species can be observed roosting at both twilight and dark zone in free-hanging posture. Structure such as ceiling, wall and bell hole were used as their roost site.

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