3rd NMIOTC Annual Conference June 27th 2012, Crete “Canning” the Cost for Maritime Security Operations. Legal, Political and Technical Considerations. Makis Rodotheatos, Panteion University 3rd NMIOTC Annual Conference June 27th 2012, Crete

European Centre for Environmental Research and Training (EKePEK), 2002-... Research Centre of Panteion Un. of Social and Political Science Main aim: Promotion of Environmental Studies, Sustainability and Maritime Affairs Cooperating with NMIOTC since 2010

PhD Can. on Law of the Sea (topic: Artificial Islands and Structures) PolAd to the Minister of Environment, Energy and Sustainable Development Space Law expertise (ECSL Summer School 2005 & 2006, MA Thesis on Space Debris) Currently working on: Space Technology, Marine Data Collection and LOSC

Scope of presentation Provide the audience with the implications emanating from the use of low cost, efficient satellite technologies (esp. remote sensing and telecommunications) in Maritime Security Operations.

Outline What is a “small satellite”? How does a small satellite work? How can small satellites be used in MSOs? Advantages of small satellites Disadvantages of small satellites Legal framework Key points NATO’s Role and Applications Future challenges Conclusions

What is a “small satellite”? Space object of limited size and weight Easy and cheap to construct Mini-Satellites 1,000-100 kgs [$20-5 mil.] Micro-Satellites 100-10 kgs [$5-2 mil.] Nano-Satellites 10 kgs> [$1 mil>] They can fly as unit, constellation or formation

How does a small satellite work? According to payload, it can carry out various tasks It can be launched via air platforms, submarines, missiles, offshore platforms even from other spacecrafts Use of batteries, as well as solar energy Delivered in Low Earth Orbit (160-2,000 m. above sea level) Life span: months (sometimes year+)

How can small satellites be used in MSOs? Telecommunications Remote Sensing/ Data Gathering Navigation Meteorology Real time or Near – Real time

Advantages of small satellites Low cost (construction, launch, maintenance) Easy and quick to build/ “Massive” Production Easy to deploy and re-deploy Single-operation orientated: accuracy, speed, non- conflicting with other uses/ users Adaptability – openness to improvements “Space Independency” for state-operator Expansion of knowledge/ Benefit for local industry - economy

Disadvantages of small satellites Ground infrastructure = military target Short life/ carrying capacity “Traffic” in the LEO Propagation of Space Debris Non-recoverable “Difficult” to control when energy sources are low Vulnerability to attacks (e.g. signal jamming) due to commercial/ open access components

Legal framework General Principles of International Law / United Nations Charter Space Law regulations Outer Space Treaty Rescue of Astronauts Treaty Liability Convention Registration Convention Moon Treaty & UNGA Resolutions Law of War

Key points: REGISTRATION Each space object has to be Registered in National Registry & UN Sec. Gen. has to be informed properly Where there are two or more launching States they shall determine which one shall register the object (see Int. Organizations) The term “launching State” means: (i) A State which launches or procures the launching of a space object; (ii) A State from whose territory or facility a space object is launched;

Key points: REGISTRATION_2 Information to be publicized Name of launching State or States; Date and territory or location of launch; Basic orbital parameters, including: (i) Nodal period; (ii) Inclination; (iii) Apogee; (iv) Perigee; General function of the space object.

Key points: Responsibility States shall bear International Responsibility for national activities in outer space, whether such activities are carried on by governmental agencies or by non-governmental entities When activities are carried by an international organization, Responsibility shall be borne both by the international organization and by the States Parties

Key points: Liability Launching States are Internationally Liable for damage to another State Party to the Treaty or to its natural or juridical persons by such object or its component parts on the Earth, in air space or in outer space. State bears the cost BUT gets reimbursed by Non Governmental or International Organization

Key points: Energy Sources Use of Nuclear Reactors is prohibited in LEO missions Use of Nuclear Power Sources is allowed under certain restrictions (acc. to NPS UNGA Resolution, 1992)

Key points: Weapons/ Force Carrying of Nuclear and WMD is prohibited Outer Space should be used for “Peaceful Purposes” Non-peaceful doesn’t mean Non-military Aggressive acts are permissible only under UN Charter

Key points: Use of force In wartime, Humanitarian Law Rules apply (Geneva Conventions & Protocols) Non Discrimination Proportionality Necessity Military Advantage Legitimate Target Military Sat. used in armed conflict Dual Use Sat used in armed conflict for military purposes

Key points: Harmful interference A State which has reason to believe that an activity or experiment planned by another State Party in outer space, would cause potentially harmful interference with activities in the peaceful exploration and use of outer space, may request consultation concerning the activity or experiment.

NATO’s Role and Applications NATO has been active in Space Apps since 1960’s A large volume of NATOs Telecoms and Remote Sensing is being carried out by Satellites of Member States [some of them; Dual Use] NATO has no: Space Policy Space Strategy Space Doctrine Space Joint TTPs The Alliance is still missing a holistic approach to the subject

Future challenges Future of MSOs will be closely linked to Space Capabilities New applications and capabilities have to be tested through experimentation Network – centric warfare is Ante Portas New legal concepts for cyber- & space-warfare have to be introduced

Conclusions Low cost – Small Sats Are appropriate for “low budget” enemies Can serve as counterbalance to budget cutbacks Can cover remote/ vast/ dangerous/ difficult to reach/ expanding theaters of operation Can provide for cheap telecoms with overseas allies and assets Are deployable to multiple hotspots, simultaneously

Makis Rodotheatos -PhD Can Makis Rodotheatos -PhD Can., Panteion University of Athens - Researcher, European Centre for Environmental Research and Training yrodo@panteion.gr www.ekepek.gr