The American Colonies Take Shape Chapter 3 Page 65

Section 1 Immigration and Slavery Immigration start arriving from many places in Europe England Scotland Ireland Germany

A: England Most early immigrants English Most came as indentured servants- 90% Agreed to work for 4-7 years in exchange for passage Late 1600’s, conditions in England get better, less come

B. Scottland Early 1700 Scottish immigrants skyrocket Came in three waves Scottish lowlands Scottish high lands Scotch-Irish Many moved into the “back countries” of current colonies

C: Germans Leaving Germany 100,000 mostly protestant Religious persecution Had to serve in army Taxed heavily 100,000 mostly protestant William Penn recruited many- settle there

E: Slave Trade Slavery began in colonies 1600’s Wasn’t permanent: more like indentured servant By 1700’s, passing slave laws Children remain slaves

F: Transatlantic Slave Trade Triangular slave trade- goods and slaves traded between Europe, Africa, and the Americas At least 250,000 came to 13 colonies- 4.5% Middle Passage- terrible conditions, over two months, 10-15% died

G. Africans in Americas Slave auctions- treated like animals More use in southern colonies- tend labor intensive crops Develop own culture- most adopt Christianity but at own elements Some revolt- Stono kills 20 in South Carolina- executed Phillis Wheatley?

The American Colonies and England Section 2 Between 1600 and 1776, England’s relationship with colonies would evolve A. English Traditions of Democracy Magna Carta- England a Constitutional Monarchy https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7xo4tUMdAMw 1215- limited king’s ability to tax them and guaranteed due process Had to approve taxes Created Parliament with a bicameral House of lords House of commons

Document based on ideas of: John Locke- stated all people have natural rights and that if monarchs violate those rights, then the people have the right to overthrow them Baron de Montesquieu- declared powers of gov’t should be clearly defined and limited

English forced out the king James the II Glorious Revolution- 1689 English forced out the king James the II Would insert more freedoms into their constitution English Bill of Rights- guaranteed basic freedoms Habeas corpus- had to be charged of a crime to be held in prison Freedom of press

Govt’s in Americas Most appointed their own elected representatives. However, some colonies could also pick their own governor Others had governors appointed by crown Sometimes governors and elected bodies didn’t agree

B: Working Relationship Salutary neglect- England allowed colonies self rule in return for economic cooperation Mercantilism- colonies existed to benefit mother country Navigation Acts- Could only trade with England Only English sailors allowed in American ports Had to pay high tariffs on goods from other places Would lead to problems starting in mid-1700’s

For the most part, England allowed self rule and ignored the colonies if times were good or if they needed them If times were bad, enforced navigation acts and tried to influence ability to self rule Many problems will arise after the completion of French and Indian War

C: New Ideas Enlightenment- idea that all problems could be solved by human reason, natural law, and logic Ex. Benjamin Franklin The Great Awakening- religious movement swept through colonies Response to enlightenment Preachers roamed country Salvation relied on God’s salvation Effects: colonist start to think and rely on themselves- believe they can govern themselves Could find their own salvation

Section 3 Comparing Regional Cultures North Economy based on trade and small industry Shipping Small farms fishing Climate: Cold winters Many small towns not far from each other Long tradition of communities

B. Middle Colonies Economy- large family farms More temperate climate Much more diverse region Large trade networks Two of worlds largest sea ports- New York and Philadelphia

C. Southern Colonies Warmer climate Mostly grew cash crops- tobacco and cotton Depended on slave labor Charleston-largest and most important port Population spread out in rural communities

D. Education North- long tradition of education- small public schools U.S. oldest college- Harvard- Boston Mass. Middle and South- less public schools More students homeschooled on large plantations

French and Indian War Section 4 April of 1754, English want to drive the French out of North America Both England and France had claimed Ohio River Valley Indians play Europeans off of each other 1754- British- 1,500,000 France-70,000 Most Natives side with French

Both sides want fertile Ohio River Valley George Washington sent to evict the French in Ohio River Valley Washington Ambushed and forced from the Region Start of French and Indian War or larger 7 years war

French Advantages France controlled more land New France had a single colonial gov’t France had ships and professional soldiers French had many loyal Native allies

British Advantages Many more settlers British colonies easier to defend Most of the English colonist willing to fight to defend homes British would lose their Native allies in this war

French Victory General Braddock would march into the Ohio Valley to within 10 miles of Fort Duquesne 1755 All they had to do is get the cannons set up to annihilate the French fort French, dressed as Natives, with 600 native allies Ambushed English and killed 2/3 of the army and General Braddock https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=O1jNSZVqVBU Ensued French control of Ohio River Valley for next two years

British Victories William Pitt was the new Prime Minister of Great Britain Put lots of money and effort into defeating the French Would put the British gov’t into major debt Got results: British captured French forts including Fort Duquesne However, French fate in North America would be settled in Canada

Battle of Quebec French capital Stronghold, fort on cliffs on St. Lawrence 18,000 British against 14,000 French British would scale the cliffs and defeat the French Treaty of Paris: France would surrender and give up all claims to land East of Mississippi except New Orleans France would give rest to Spain

Pontiacs Uprising French gone, but native allies still occupied the land British would keep pushing the Natives out, especially since they sided with French Gave natives blankets from hospital? Pontiac led native uprising and took every fort except Fort Pitt and Fort Detroit Would hold control for the next two years Native did make peace in exchange for Proclamation of 1763-

Aftermath War caused tensions between colonist and GB British wanted greater control after defeat of French Also wanted help paying off large war debt Led to new taxes and new tensions Albany Plan of Union- fails- colonies don’t want to lose autonomy- GB don’t want colonies to become to strong