Hitler and His Views A. Adolf Hitler was born in Austria, failed secondary school, and was rejected by the Vienna Academy of Fine Arts.

B. Hitler served on the Western. Front for four years during B. Hitler served on the Western Front for four years during World War I. Then he entered into German politics. By 1921, Hitler controlled an extreme nationalist party he named the Nationalist Socialist German workers’ Party, or Nazi Party.

c. Staged a revolt and was put in. prison c. Staged a revolt and was put in prison. While in Prison, Hitler wrote Mein Kampf (my struggle), which he outlined his basic ideas and plans. His ideas combined German nationalism and anti-Semitism. He said strong nations should expand to obtain living space (Lebensraum) and superior leaders should rule the masses.

Rise of Nationalism A. When Hitler got out of prison, he worked to expand the Nazi Party throughout Germany. By 1931, the Nazi Party was the largest political party in the Reichstag, or German parliament.

B. The Nazis established control over all aspects of government. All political parties except the Nazis were abolished. Concentration camps were set up for Nazi opponents. When President Hindenburg died, the Nazis abolished the presidency and Hitler became Germany’s leader.

III. The Nazi State, 1933-1939 A. Hitler wanted to develop an Aryan racial state to dominate Europe. Hitler thought there had been two previous German empires (Reichs). Hitler called his empire the Third Reich.

B. To control the nation, the Nazis used the SS or “Guard Squadrons.” Under the direction of Heinrich Himmler, the SS controlled all the police forces. Terror and ideology drove the SS.

C. Hitler put people back to work through public works projects. He also began to rebuild the German military. Unemployment dropped and the depression seemed to be ending.

D. Women played a special role in. the Aryan state as the bearers D. Women played a special role in the Aryan state as the bearers of Aryan children. The Nazis said that women were to be mothers, while men were to be warriors.

E. The Nazi Party enacted programs against Jewish people. In 1935, Nazis passed the “Nuremberg laws,” which prevented Jews from: 1. being German citizens 2. marrying Germans 3. carry cards saying they were Jewish

F. On the night of Nov. 9, 1938,. Nazis burned Jewish F. On the night of Nov. 9, 1938, Nazis burned Jewish synagogues and destroyed thousands of Jewish businesses. They killed at least 100 people and sent 30,000 to concentration camps. This night was called Kristallnacht “night of shattered glass.”

G. After Kristallnacht, Jews were. barred from all public G. After Kristallnacht, Jews were barred from all public transportation, schools, and hospitals. They could not own, manage, or work in a retail store. Jews were encouraged to leave Germany.

Fascist Dictatorship in Italy Benito Mussolini

Fascism in Italy A. Benito Mussolini in Italy established the first European Fascist government in the early 1920s. Fascism glorifies the state above the individual.

What are the basic beliefs of Fascism? Fascist Dictatorships in Italy What are the basic beliefs of Fascism? Nationalism: the belief that one's nation is of primary importance Authoritarianism: a political system controlled by typically non-elected rulers who usually permit some degree of individual freedom Militarism

What are the basic beliefs of Fascism? (cont.) Fascist Dictatorships in Italy What are the basic beliefs of Fascism? (cont.) Single party state: single political party - no other parties are permitted to run candidates for election Dictatorship: control by one person or a small group of people Social Darwinism: strongest or fittest should survive and flourish in society, while the weak and unfit should be allowed to die.

B. Mussolini demanded that Italy get B. Mussolini demanded that Italy get more land from the peace treaties of World War I. He became the Prime Minister in 1922.

C. As Prime Minister, Mussolini. gained the power to pass laws C. As Prime Minister, Mussolini gained the power to pass laws without approval. He would establish a secret police. Uniformed and secret police spied on everyone. By 1926, the king of Italy would be removed and Mussolini would become the sole ruler.

D. Opposing parties were disbanded. Civil liberties were suspended. He used the media to spread his pro-Fascist propaganda. The Fascists created youth groups that focused on military activities. He wanted to create a nation of war-loving people.

Fascism vs Communism Fascist Dictatorships in Italy Totalitarian state over the individual Powerful military Controls through censorship and propaganda Totalitarian state over the individual Powerful military Controls through censorship and propaganda

Fascism vs Communism Fascist Dictatorships in Italy Nationalistic left farms and large industries in the hands of their owners and let them run them as they saw fit so long as they provided the output the government demanded. Appealed to middle classes International seized all private property in the name of the state and put all industrial and economic production under the direct control of the government Appealed to working classes