NATIVES AND EUROPEANS Period 1 APUSH Credit goes to the incredible Mr. John Burkow… 1

FIRST DAY OF APUSH REVIEW! Period 1: 1491-1607

The New Curriculum Key Concept 1.1 “As native populations migrated and settled across the vast expanse of North America over time, they developed distinct and increasingly complex societies by adapting to and transforming their diverse environments. Big idea: How did natives adapt to their environment?

Key Concept 1.1, I “Different native societies adapted to and transformed their environments through innovations in agriculture, resource use, and social structure.”

A)Impact of maize cultivation: Economic development: Food surplus Increased population and freed up people to be artisans, soldiers, priest, kings etc. Settlement: permanent villages with diverse societies. Ex. Aztec and Mayan pyramid building, Mississippi Valley moundbuilders, Pueblo cultures of Chaco canyon Advanced irrigation: Vast irrigation system to bring water to the maize Social Diversification: Establishment of permanent villages with socially diverse societies. A)Impact of maize cultivation:

B) Great Plains and Great Basin Name a specific Native American group. How were they mobile and why? With the introduction of the horse, life on the Great Plains was drastically altered Plain indians became better warriors,raiders, and hunters Comanche and sioux as a result now had control over large territories. Bison herd more easily

C) Societies in the Northeast Name specific Native American groups. Explain their hunting and gathering practices. California had little surplus, so tribes remained small hunter gatherer groups Pacific Northwest had abundance from fishing, using large dugout canoes Pacific Northwest had large population, with status determined by wealth.

AND WAIT THERE’S MORE! KEY CONCEPT 1.2

The New Curriculum and The Columbian Exchange Key Concept 1.2 “Contact among Europeans, Native Americans, and Africans resulted in the Columbian Exchange and significant social, cultural, and political changes on both sides of the Atlantic Ocean.” Big Ideas: What were positives and negatives of the Columbian Exchange on both hemispheres? What were reasons that led to European exploration?

Key Concept 1.2, I “European expansion into the Western Hemisphere generated intense social, religious, political, and economic competition and changes within European societies.”

A) Reasons for European exploration: Wealth: Countries sought new sources of wealth – gold and silver Economic and military competition: glory (defeat of the Spanish Armada by the English) Spread Christianity: The Spanish often tried to convert Natives to Christianity Ex. Cortes and Pizarro’s success over the Aztecs and Incas drove desire to copy them

B) Columbian Exchange and its impacts Stimulated European population: In Europe and Asia massive population growth due to new food which led to increased migration, colonization, and imperialism. New mineral wealth: Gold and silver created enough surplus to allow for the development of capitalism in Europe and China Feudalism Fixed order of society Barter economy No money for exchange Landed longtime wealth yields power Capitalism Anyone can rise in society market economy money used for exchange Recent wealth can yield power

C) Technology and trade New technology aided exploration: Sextant – could be used to find exact position on earth – more precise sailing Caravel, compass, and quadrant improved sailing efficiency Economic improvements: Joint-stock companies – used to raise $ for explorations Used in Jamestown (1607)

Key Concept 1.2, II “The Columbian Exchange and development of the Spanish Empire in the Western Hemisphere resulted in extensive demographic, economic, and social changes.”

A) Impact of Spanish exploration: Give examples of deadly epidemics and it had on Native Americans: Smallpox, malaria Killed as many as 90% of Natives in some areas – not immune to European diseases Identify crops and animals brought to the New World: Introduction of new animals and crops: Horse – transformed Native life on the Great Plains Crops – wheat, rice, and sugar A) Impact of Spanish exploration:

Explain the Encomienda system and examples of its economic system: B) Encomienda System Explain the Encomienda system and examples of its economic system: Spaniards were entrusted with native communities The goal was to use labor for agriculture and gain precious metal Spanish as the top of the social hierarchy and the native americans as peasants.

C) Spanish and Portuguese traders acquired slaves from some West African groups Give specific examples of this economic system The encomenderos were supposed to protect and Christianize the Indians granted to them, but they most often used the system to effectively enslave the Indians and take their lands. West africans captured other africans to sell them and lead to devastation of several cultures Slaves were used by the Spanish on plantations and mines because they were less susceptible to disease

D) Spanish Caste System: Identify the caste system Europeans were at the top (peninsulares and creoles) Mestizo and mulatos (mixed European and Native, European and African ancestry)

Key Concept 1.2, III “In their interactions, Europeans and Native Americans asserted divergent worldviews regarding issues such as religion, gender roles, family, land use, and power.”

A) Misunderstandings between each group Examples of misunderstanding between Native Americans and Europeans: Gender – many Natives societies were matrilineal Land – Natives did not own individual land Religion – Natives believed in animism, polytheistic; shamans held power Some useful aspects of each other’s cultures were eventually adapted: Natives adapted technology Europeans adapted agriculture techniques

B) Native resistance to European encroachment and labor: Identify Native American diplomatic negotiations and military resistance: Natives sought to preserve political, economic, and religious autonomy (independence, self-rule) Diplomatically and/or militarily

C) Debates over how non- Europeans should be treated: Many Europeans saw Natives and Africans as “savages” Juan de Sepulveda: Advocated harsh treatment of Natives Claimed slavery for Natives was justified under Christianity Bartolome de Las Casas: Argued that Natives deserved the same treatment as all other men Contributed to the “Black Legend” Arguments used to subjugate Africans and Natives? Racism, religious - spread of Christianity, Natives and Africans were seen as “barbaric”