Bell Ringer 3/4 Controversies involving Alger Hiss and Julius and Ethel Rosenberg reflected the post–World War II concern over   (1) testing nuclear missiles (2) joining the United Nations (3) placing weapons in outer space (4) spying by communists in the United States

Bell Ringer 3/7 The Berlin airlift was used during the Cold War to   (1) rescue people fleeing West Germany (2) prevent a communist takeover of Greece and Turkey (3) overcome a blockade created by the Soviet Union (4) support peacekeeping efforts by the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)

Vietnam War

Vietnam According to the Constitution, only Congress can declare war. By 1964, 3 presidents (Eisenhower, Kennedy, Johnson) had sent US troops and aid to Vietnam to support the non-communist South Vietnam government.

First Indochina War 1963- Diem Overthrown by military, approved by US 1945: French look to re- establish authority, faced guerrillas led by Ho Chi Minh 1946: Ho Chi Minh spends 4 months in France negotiating Independence with no success. Fierce fighting continues, French defeated in 1954 after Battle of Dienbienphu. May 1954: Vietnam then divided into two countries North: Ho Chi Minh, Communist South: Ngo Dinh Diem, USA backed 1963- Diem Overthrown by military, approved by US

US Involvement in Vietnam 1951- 1954: American military advisors, tanks, planes, artillery and other supplies to Vietnam. U.S. spends $3 Billion in Vietnam, Eisenhower cites “Domino Theory”. Military and CIA stay in South Vietnam after French withdraw to offer support, train South Vietnam Army 1959: First US soldiers killed in Vietnam, Weapons begin to move along Ho Chi Minh trail.

Gulf of Tonkin Resolution On August 4, 1964, President Johnson announced on TV that the North Vietnamese attacked a US destroyer. The next day Johnson asked Congress to approve air strikes against the North. Congress passed the Gulf of Tokin Resolution which empowered “the President, as commander in chief, to take all necessary measures to repel any armed attack against the forces of the United States and to prevent further aggression”.

Bell Ringer 3/8 One reason the United States became involved in the Vietnam War was to 1)prevent the spread of communism in Indochina 2)reduce French influence in Vietnam 3)stop China from seizing Vietnam 4)support the government of North Vietnam

US Involvement in Vietnam 1965- First US combat troops arrive in Vietnam, 200,000 in country by end of year. Jan, 1968- Tet Offensive - Vietcong storm into South’s cities in surprise attack, US troops turn them back within days, seen as psychological win for North, Makes US question “the end of the tunnel” for war. March, 1968- My Lai Massacre occurs. US troops open fire killing hundreds of unarmed Vietnamese citizens. Life magazine publishes article describing the event and how the government was covering up the incident which fuels more anti-war protests. Life magazine article was published in 1971.

“Mi Lai Massacre” 1968

Police chief executes suspected Viet Cong Vietnam, 1968 Police chief executes suspected Viet Cong

US Involvement in Vietnam Jan, 1969- Secret bombing of Cambodia begins along Ho Chi Minh trail 1970-1973- US troop levels decrease in Vietnam Jan 28, 1973- Cease Fire signed by US and North Vietnam, final US troops leave Vietnam 1975- North invades South Vietnam, US does not respond, North takes Capital of Saigon and US Embassy on April 30th.

Vietnam, 1969

Vietnam, 1968

Saigon, 1975

Protest & Resistance Protest and resistance to the Vietnam War began almost immediately in the US. Hawks & Doves Hawk = Congressman that thought victory at any cost Dove = Congressman that wanted full withdrawal Protests UC Berkley became a center for anti-war protest Sit-ins & draft card burning Marches: 1965 & 1967 in Washington DC

Anti- War 1966- Veterans of WW1 And WWII, Korean War stage protest in NYC against US involvement in Vietnam 1967- MLK Jr speaks out against war August 1968- Democratic National Convention in Chicago, riots in streets 1969- Massive anti- war demonstrations in DC 1970- Kent State incident, National Guard opens fire on anti- war rally killing 4 injuring 8. Anti- War demonstrations all throughout the US during these years. College campuses main staging point for many of these rallies.

1968 -Because of growing unpopularity caused by the war, President Johnson will decides to not run for reelection. -April 4th Martin Luther King Jr. is assassinated in Memphis, Tennessee. - June 5th Robert Kennedy, brother of John and Democratic candidate for president, was assassinated in California. - Richard Nixon defeats Hubert Humphrey and George Wallace in election to become President in 1968.

Boston Demonstration, 1967

Kent State, 1970

The War Powers Act November 1973, Congress passed this act (overriding Nixon’s veto). It reversed the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution and included: The president had to notify congress within 48 hours of sending troops into a foreign country The president had to bring the troops home within 60 days unless Congress voted for them to stay