HW: BRF #39-47 135 Things… (due FRIDAY) Tuesday May 30, 2017 I can: review biotechnology and evolution concepts Agenda (10) Catalyst (15) Biotech Review (30) Quizlet Live (15) Evolution Self-Study (20) Daily Quiz Catalyst Take out “135 Things You Need to Know for the NC EOC Biology Exam” packet Either continue working, have questions ready (“I don’t understand question 5”), or study until we begin Draw me a picture of a dolphin HW: BRF #39-47 135 Things… (due FRIDAY)
Goal: 100% proficiency on the EOC 65%+ correct shows you’re ready for college-level Biology courses
The Human Genome Project (HGP) The HGP identified all the genes in the human genome by sequencing all 3 billion base pairs. The HGP helps us know if someone has a genetic disease by comparing their DNA to a “normal” sequence. The HGP did NOT: CURE all genetic disorders figure out EVERY SINGLE genetic disorder (we’re still working on it)
SO WHAT? Why is it useful to find out if someone has a genetic disease? How could we cure them?
Gene Therapy may allow doctors to treat a disorder by inserting a HEALTHY gene into a patient’s cells instead of using drugs or surgery. Technique remains risky and is still under study to make sure that it will be safe and effective.
Gene Therapy Scientists are attempting to use vectors that carry DNA (healthy gene) into a cell to treat genetic diseases Replaces broken genes with new ones The new DNA causes the patient to produce the right proteins, which would cure the disease DNA mRNA protein
Stem Cell Using undifferentiated cells to grow specialized cells Growth Repair (wear and tear; injury) Fighting disease
Gel Electrophoresis Process used to create DNA fingerprints by separating DNA out by size. uses restriction enzymes to cut DNA into smaller pieces smaller bands move the furthest, largest bands are closest to the well used for crime scene investigation, paternity tests, testing relatedness of organisms
changing the DNA of organisms to benefit humans Genetic Engineering changing the DNA of organisms to benefit humans
GMO Genetically Modified Organism genes from the DNA of one species are extracted and inserted into an unrelated plant or animal tries to make plants more beneficial (make them freeze-, drought-, and disease-resistant, more nutritious, etc.)
Dolly was created in a lab in 1997 from a single cell. Cloning Makes identical copies of an organism The chromosome number of the new organism would be exactly identical to the old organism All of the DNA, features and characteristics would be the same Dolly was created in a lab in 1997 from a single cell.
Transgenic Organisms +
Transgenic Organisms organisms that have DNA from another species Bacteria can be engineered to produce insulin (enzyme needed to treat diabetes) Plants can be engineered to be resistant to diseases and pests Bacteria can be engineered to eat oil to clean up spills like the BP spill off of the gulf coast
Bacterial Transformation Bacteria have circular DNA called a plasmid that can be shared easily among individuals. 1. Restriction enzymes cut the DNA we want in specific places 2. A vector, or a virus, delivers the new gene into the bacteria 3. The new genes are inserted into the bacteria’s DNA 4. The bacteria begins to express proteins from the new genes
Evolution can happen in two ways: Natural selection (aka survival of the fittest) – organisms best suited to their environments survive and pass on their genes more Genetic drift – certain organisms survive due to random events proposed by Charles Darwin
Requirements for Evolution The requirements for evolution can be remembered by the mnemonic VSIT: Variation Selection Inheritance Time
closer together = more closely related most recent closer together = more closely related most primitive = developed earliest in time organisms have the traits that evolved before them
Which is the best reason for why we modify the classification of organisms? a. new ideas b. the history of classification c. newly discovered evolutionary relationships d. the changing nature of binomial nomenclature