BAROQUE ROCOCO Guercino (Aurora) Tiepolo (Kaisersaal) Gaulli (Il Gesù) Rubens Watteau Boucher Fragonard Bernini Clodion Vermeer Chardin

THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY • The “Enlightenment” or Age of Reason, of rational thought and questioning of old beliefs • The Industrial Revolution • Political Revolutions: American Revolution, 1776 French Revolution, 1789

• The word Rococo probably derives from the French word rocaille (pronounced “ro-kye”), a type of ornament employing rock, pebbles, and shells in garden decoration. • It was a “made-up” word, invented toward the end of the 18th century. Meant to sound rather silly, it was originally used as an insulting term for the art of the ancien régime—the recently overthrown French monarchy.

Map of Southern Germany, including Würzburg

Prince Bishop’s Residenz, Würzburg

Kaisersaal (Imperial Hall) of the Residenz in Würzburg, with frescoes by Giovanni Battista Tiepolo, 1751

Rococo Architecture in Innsbruck The Helblinghaus in the Old Town

Rococo Architecture in Innsbruck Wilten Basilica on the south side of town

Tiepolo, ceiling of the Kaisersaal: Apollo Bringing Beatrice of Burgundy to the Emperor Barbarossa

Tiepolo, ceiling of the Kaisersaal, 1751 ROCOCO Guercino, Aurora, ceiling of Casino Ludovisi, 1621-23 BAROQUE

Tiepolo, ceiling of the Kaisersaal, 1751 ROCOCO Gaulli, ceiling of Il Gesù, 1672-79 BAROQUE

Detail: Beatrice of Burgundy in the chariot of Apollo Kaisersaal ceiling

Detail Kaisersaal ceiling

Details

Detail: cupids strewing roses Kaisersaal ceiling

Jean-Antoine Watteau, A Pilgrimage to Cythera, 1717 Note—The first fête galante (“gallant festivity” or scene of gallantry): a charac- teristic type of Rococo painting in which small-scale figures of aristocratic ladies and gentlemen are shown amusing themselves in a garden or parkland setting.

ROCOCO BAROQUE Watteau, Pilgrimage to Cythera, 1717 Rubens, Garden of Love, c. 1638: the ultimate model for Watteau’s fête galante BAROQUE

Watteau, Pilgrimage to Cythera, 1717 Detail: three pairs of lovers, “Cupid,” and the rose-covered statue of Venus

Detail: Venus statue Pilgrimage to Cythera

Detail: lovers with “Cupid” Pilgrimage to Cythera

Detail: other pairs of lovers Pilgrimage to Cythera

Pilgrimage to Cythera Detail: golden boat with cupids fluttering overhead

Pilgrimage to Cythera Fluttering cupids

Another Rococo painting with erotic content Painted for Madame de Pompadour, mistress of King Louis XV, as well as his frequent political adviser. A major patron of the arts, Pompadour has been dubbed the “godmother of the Rococo.” Among other things, the painting alludes to Pompadour’s title role in a play called The Toilet of Venus, performed at Versailles in 1750. François Boucher, The Toilet of Venus, 1751

ROCOCO BAROQUE Boucher, Toilet of Venus, 1751 Rubens, Toilet of Venus, c. 1620

Boucher, Toilet of Venus Detail

Another fête galante with erotic content Jean-Honoré Fragonard, The Swing, 1767

Detail: “Ecstasy” of the Baron de St.-Julien Fragonard, The Swing

Statue of Cupid by Falconet, a prominent Rococo sculptor Fragonard, The Swing

Statue of Cupid by Falconet, a prominent Rococo sculptor Clodion, Nymph and Satyr Carousing, c. 1780

BAROQUE ROCOCO Clodion, Nymph and Satyr Carousing, c. 1780 Bernini, Apollo and Daphne, 1622-24

Clodion, Nymph and Satyr Carousing, c. 1780 Detail

BAROQUE ROCOCO Clodion, Nymph and Satyr Carousing Bernini, Apollo and Daphne