Agro Based Industries Agro-based industries are those industries which depend on agricultural products as raw materials . ex: cotton textile industries use cotton as raw material and then process them to make dresses.
Sugar Industries Brazil is the largest producer of sugar cane. India is the second largest producer of sugar cane. Sucrose content of Indian sugar not high because canes are thin hence tend to dry as transported to sugar mills which are far.
Chief centre in Northern India Northern sugar cane producing states are Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Punjab and Haryana. In 1960-61 60% of total sugar produced by Uttar Pradesh and Bihar. Today , these two states produce only 30% of the total sugar production
Chief centres in Uttar Pradesh Saharanpur Bareilly Lucknow Sitapur Gorakhpur KANPUR Allahabad
Reasons for localisation of Sugar industry in Bihar and Uttar Pradesh Largest quantity of sugar cane produced here Coal for power obtained from Jharkhand Railway facilities available and wide spread Skilled labour can be secured because these states are densely populated. Kanpur is the chief distributing and marketing centre for the sugar industry in northern India.
Punjab: Amritsar, Phagwara Other Centres in India Andhra Pradesh : Vijayawada, Nizamabad, Pithapuram and Hyderabad Punjab: Amritsar, Phagwara West Bengal : Murshidabad, Nadia 24 Parganas Tamil Nadu : Arcot, Madurai, Tiruchchirapalli
Centres in Maharashtra Nasik Ahmednagar Pune Sholapur Manmad Satara Sangli Miraj Kolhapur
PRODUCTS Jaggery and Brown sugar( Khandsari) are produced by indigeneous methods. 30% of the sucrose is used to make white sugar
By-products of the sugar industry 1. Bagasse : Rejected cane after crushing is used for the manufacture of paper, cardboard and insulation board. It was earlier used as fuel in sugar mills. Paper Cardboard Insulation boards
2. Molasses a dark coloured syrup is used for Industrial Power chemicals , fertilizers plastic, alcohol, rum synthetic rubber cattle feed.
3. Pressmud is used for shoe polish, carbon paper and for extraction of wax 4. Sugar cane juice is a refreshing drink.
Problems pertaining to north indian sugar producing states. Prices Small cultivators Climate Problem in distribution Industry seasonal Cost of transport
Suitability of South for sugar production Temperature Rainfall Soil No frost or water logging Fertilizers Mills near plantations
RESEARCH CENTRES IN LUCKNOW AND COIMBATORE 1.New variety of hybrid cane know as Coimbatore cane (produced at Coimbatore research centre) 2.New varieties of cane being experimented which will ripen at different times of the year, hence provide work to sugar factories through out the year.
SUGARCANE RESEARCH INSTITUTE COIMBATORE
Output of sugar Industry Number of sugar mills Total Production 1950-51 138 1.1 million tonnes 1998-99 493 15.5 million tonnes CHEERS………
Textiles The textile industry in India occupies a unique position in our economy contributing to nearly a third of the country's export earnings. It is one of the oldest and most widespread industry in India. This industry varies in its scale of operation from handloom weavers in villages power loom units of moderate sizes to large mills employing hundreds of workers. This industry includes manufacturers, suppliers, wholesalers and exporters of Cotton Textiles, Handloom, and Woollen Textiles etc. The textile industry in India has the vast potential for creation of employment opportunities. The number of textiles manufacturers, suppliers, wholesalers and textiles exporters in India has increased rapidly after independence. Today, handloom and cotton textiles exports in India is counted among the most important sectors.
Up to 1930 Mumbai was the leading centre Cotton Textiles The first cotton textile mill on modern lines was started in Mumbai in 1851. Climate in Mumbai – humid, suitable for spinning Port - able to import machinery from United Kingdom and export yarn to China. Up to 1930 Mumbai was the leading centre Later the mills were started at Ahmedabad and competition increased. The problems of the cotton industry began with the partition of the country, to be fed with raw cotton ●81% of irrigated land -Lost To Pakistan Retained in India ●39% of cotton yield…..were mostly in west Punjab was Lost to Pakistan ● 30% of the market Lost To Pakistan ● 97% of the cotton textile mill
Importance of Textile Industry Premier Industry of India More than 2 crore of people - 40% of the country’s labour force directly or indirectly depend on this industry. India is the 3rd largest cotton textile manufacturing country of the world after USA and UK. India is the 3rd largest exporter of cotton textiles after Japan and USA
Centres in order of their Importance Maharashtra : Mumbai, Sholapur, Pune, Nagpur, Amravati, Akola, Jalgaon. Gujarat : Ahmedabad, Vadodara, Surat, Jamnagar, Bharuch and Bhavnagar. Madhya Pradesh : Gwalior, Indore, Bhopal. Tamil Nadu : Chennai, Coimbatore, Madurai, Salem and Tirunelveli. Uttar Pradesh : Kanpur, Mau Nath Bhanjan. West Bengal : Kolkata and Murshidabad. Rajasthan, Kerala, Karnataka, Punjab, Bihar, Assam and Delhi are other important states.
Mumbai – the Lancashire of India Mumbai is the most important cotton manufacturing centre in India. Soil - Mumbai’s hinterland – the black regur soil of the Deccan, produces the raw cotton required. Harbour Facility - The long staple cotton from UAE and other countries can be easily imported as Mumbai has excellent harbour facilities. Climate- The humid climate of Mumbai favours the production of yarns of finer counts. Water- Soft water for dyeing and bleaching is plentiful. Power - Cheap power is available from Tata Hydroelectric systems at Bhivpuri, Khopoli, Bhire and Koyna. Labour – Abundant supply of skilled and unskilled labour from all over the country is available. Mumbai – the Lancashire of India
Manufacturing Process of Cotton 1.Washing Fibres 2.Carding and combing them to form rope-like mass of fibres known as “sliver” 3.It is then Spun to make cotton yarn. 4. Weaving to produce Grey Cloth. 5.Bleached 6. Dyed 7.Printed
Kolkata – an important cotton textile centre Coal fields- Jharia and Raniganj are close by, hence Kolkata has sufficient power supply. Capital supply abundant Inexpensive Labour. Climate – Humid climate facilitates the spinning of the yarn of finer cotton. Transport and communication – By road, rail and river. Soft Water – Water supply from the Hoogly river ensures plenty supply of soft water for bleaching and dyeing. The only disadvantage is the raw material has to be brought from the distant cotton growing areas of the Deccan.
Cotton textiles in the south Tamil Nadu has the largest number of cotton mills. Most manufactures yarn only to meet the needs of the handloom weavers. The Madurai-Coimbatore-Bangalore Region is situated in the cotton growing tract of South India, therefore dominate by the cotton textile industry. Proximity to a vast local market Cheap skilled labour Hydel Power 40% of the new productive units have sprung up here.
Some problems of the Textile Industry Inadequate supply of good quality raw material. Low productivity of workers – frequent strikes. Outdated machinery, plants need to be replaced leading to inefficient and uneconomic units. There are 30% sick mills in the country. Stiff competition from synthetic fibres like rayon, Terylene, Dacron, nylon, polyester etc., which are cheaper and durable.
Significance of the Textile Industry Textile Industry largest in India in terms of the value of industrial output, number of persons employed and the value of exports
Textiles Two important factors that are responsible for decentralization of cotton textile mills in India are :- •Availability of raw material. •High demand of cotton textile throughout India. The largest proportion of workers is found in the textile industry’ because: •It is spread all over the country. •It is labour intensive. •Demand is found all over India.
SILK Industry India has been making exquisite silk fabrics in BENGAL and KASHMIR for centuries. Sericulture – the rearing of silkworms is called sericulture. Labour-intensive industry and provides employment to people in the rural areas. India produces mulberry silk . and other non-mulberry varieties such as Tusser, Eri, Muga produced in Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Orissa, Bihar, Jharkhand, Assam and Meghalaya. Bihar and Madhya Pradesh specialise in Tusser Assam produces mainly Eri and Muga varieties of silk.
Silk weaving centres: Uttar Pradesh Varanasi, Mirzapur, Shahjahanpur Bihar Bhagalpur West Bengal Murshidabad Tamil Nadu Salem, Tanjore, Tiruchchirapalli Maharashtra Pune, Solapur and Nagpur Gujarat Ahmedabad Karnataka Bangalore
Prevalence of silk industry in Bangalore- Mysore region Climate : favourable climate 16.0°C -30.0°C for plantations on which Bombyx mori worms feed on. Water : Enough fresh water free from alkaline salts for the processing of silk fibre. Technology : New scientific technology in silk processing. Skilled labour : The art of silk making has been passed down from generations and hence have captured a sizeable share of the market. Primary occupation: Sericulture provides employment to a large number of people in Karnataka and is the primary occupation in many districts in south Karnataka. Kashmir, Varanasi, Mysore, Bangalore and Kanjeevaram silks are internationally famous and exported. Goods are exported to USA, UK, Sri Lanka, Hong Kong and the Middle East.
Rayon Textiles. The Man made fibres of Rayon, terylene, Dacron and nylon are collectively known as synthetic fibres. The raw materials for these are from Wood pulp Rayon Coal Nylon Oil Terylene Nylon yarn is made at Rayonpuram Kerala Kota Rajasthan Hyderabad Andhra Pradesh. Rayon weaving centres are Mumbai Kalyan Ahmedabad Surat Vadodara Gwalior Hyderabad Coimbatore Kolkata and Amtrisar.
Facilities and Prospects Raw Material : India has bamboo, grass and cotton waste which are necessary for the production of pulp. Chemicals : Chemicals are available in sufficient quantity. Water supply : Ample river water supply is also available in many places, other places have plenty soft water too. Labour : Skilled and unskilled labour is available. Research and training centres for the production of synthetic silks have been put up in most of these rayon production cities. Rayon is cheaper, durable and easy to maintain.
Woollen Industry The Woollen Industry is one of the oldest textile industries in India. It was an important industry during old times. The first woollen mill was setup in Kanpur in 1876. Today the main centres are Punjab, Amritsar and Ludhiana. Maharashtra, UP and Gujarat also manufacture woollen products. The woollen industry is not so well developed as the cotton industry in India.
Requirements . Animal Fibres : Raw materials consist of Wool from animal fibre. The animal fibre comes from sheep found in the states of Jammu and Kashmir, U.P, Punjab. Chemicals :Chemicals for dyeing and colouring are manufactured in the large cities in these states. Fresh water :Fresh water is available from the numerous mountain streams along the foothills of the northern mountains.
Important Centres for woollen Industry Punjab : Important centres in Punjab are Dhariwal, Amritsar and Ludhiana. Punjab accounts for 50% of the total production. It has the advantage of a large market, cheap hydel power, proximity of raw wool and enterprising entrepreneur. Others : Agra, Mirzapur and Kanpur in Uttar Pradesh
Indigenous wool is of poor quality The woollen industry is not so well developed as the cotton industry in India. Not much demand Costly Indigenous wool is of poor quality Joint effort for improvement and development is difficult The capitalists in India are attracted towards the cotton industry
Problems of woollen Industry Shortage of raw materials Lack of market Lack of modern equipment Low quality products
Jute Industry The second most important textile industry in India. Mainly exists in West Bengal. Kolkata is one of the most important centres of production. Andhra Pradesh another important producing state. Most of the Jute mills are situated along the Hugli river. This 100km long and 3km wide belt stretches from NAIHATI in the north to BUDGE BUDGE in the south.
Factors favouring West Bengal Raw material is easily available, most grown in the ganga- Brahmaputra delta. Coal for power is available from DVC and Raniganj. Cheap Labour is available from the densely populated region in West Bengal and Bihar. Cheap water transport is available. Transport :Good network of roads ands railways Abundant water is available for processing, washing and dyeing jute. The port city of Kolkata helps in the import of machinery and export of finished jute products. Capital is easily available as banking and insurance facilities are easily available. Kolkata also has the advantage of an early start as the British merchants helped in setting up the industry here.
Other Centres in India having Jute Mills Centres of Production: Andhra Pradesh :Guntur, Vishakhapatnam and Ongole . Uttar Pradesh : Kanpur and Gorakhpur. Bihar : Purnea, Katihar, Samastipur and Gaya. Orissa, Assam, Madhya Pradesh and Tripura also have Jute Mills. Centres of Production: West Bengal : Kolkata, Bally, Rishra, Sirampore, Budge Budge, Naihati, Agarpara, Birlapur, Bansberia, Shtamnagar, Salkia, Uluberia, Titagarh. Uttar Pradesh : Kanpur and Gorakhpur. Orissa : Cuttack. Chhattisgarh : Raigarh.
PROBLEMS FACED BY THE JUTE INDUSTRY International Competition High Prices Less Demand Shortage of Raw Materials