By: Jennifer Cunningham, Alex Dukes, and Heather Hodnett

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By: Jennifer Cunningham, Alex Dukes, and Heather Hodnett Auroras By: Jennifer Cunningham, Alex Dukes, and Heather Hodnett

Aurora Folklore Vikings Finnish Estonian Scottish Latvian Danish “Valkyrior” of Viking mythology Vikings Finnish Estonian Scottish Latvian Danish Sami (Northern Europe) Algonquin (Canada) Inuit Prospectors during Klondike Gold Rush

Earliest Recordings Cro-Magnon cave-paintings Chinese writings 30,000 B.C. Chinese writings 2600 B.C. Cave painting of aurora phenomenon

Early Scientific Explanations Norwegian educational text 1250 A.D. Scandinavian ideas Galileo Galilei 1619 A.D. Coins term “aurora borealis”

Historical Timeline ELECTRICAL CURRENT ALTITUDE MAGNETISM & MAPPING Hiorter and Celsius, Swedish astronomers (1741) ALTITUDE Henry Cavendish, British scientist (1790) MAGNETISM & MAPPING Loomis and Fritz (1860 & 1881) “TERRELLA EXPERIMENT” Kristian Birkeland, Norwegian physicist (1902-1903)

“Leaky Bucket theory” Overflow of positive particles from radiation belt? Disproved in 1962 by James van Allen, American Space Scientist Auroras caused by excited gas molecules!

Where it All Begins… Solar Flares Coronal Mass Ejections (CMEs)

The Collision The Solar Wind vs. Mother Earth

Orientation Day The earth’s magnetic fields The polar donuts

The Excitement Builds… O*  O + hv N2+*  N2+ + hv Remember Crystal Field Theory 

The Grand Finale Oxygen atom: 558 nm (green) and 636 nm (red) Nitrogen ion: 391-470 nm (blue, indigo, violet)

Overview Location Polar zones The Northern Lights can be seen in most of Alaska, Canada, and the northern reaches of Europe and Asia Frequency Larger shows occur during the three years following the peak of the 11 yr. sunspot cycle Also larger during the months surrounding the fall and spring equinoxes The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) uses the Polar-orbiting Operational Environmental Satellite (POES) to continually monitor the power flux of the particles that produce the auroras

Field Trip Time! I Want To See Them! According to http://www.gedds.alaska.edu/AuroraForecast/ This Monday May 7th, 2007 the Auroras will be fairly active. They will be able to be seen in the north-east corner of Washington, the northern half of Montana! Field Trip Time!

The Great Auroras of September 2, 1985 Major solar flares caused huge Auroras Auroras interrupted most of the 125,000 miles of telegraph lines in the US A few lines were of just the right length and orientation to capture the storm power A clear conversation was held for more than two hours between Boston and Portland telegraph stations with no battery power used!

We Are Not Alone… Jupiter and Saturn have magnetic fields stronger than those on Earth so the auroras are clearly visible Io, Ganymede, and Europa Mars Recent discovery reveals presence of auroras The magnetic field failed long ago The remaining fragments are apparently enough to form auroras

Sources of Reference Chemistry Textbook (pages 755 – 756) Wikipedia http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aurora_%28astronomy%29 Chemistry & Physics of Auroras http://www.exploratorium.edu/learning_studio/auroras/happen.html Aurora History http://ds9.ssl.berkeley.edu/themis/mission_aurora.html Aurora Forecast http://www.gedds.alaska.edu/AuroraForecast

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