DEBATE

Debate sequencing OPENING SPEECH (Mostly factual/teaching info) Affirmative Person 1 Negative Person 1 SPEECH (Mostly factual/teaching info) Affirmative Person 2 SPEECH (Some factual + emotional) Negative Person 2 CLOSING REFUTATION (Teams can address each other) AUDIENCE QUESTIONS

Topics We will pick topics on Wednesday, 2/22 Round 1: Random draw of names Pick your debate topic Pick affirmative or negative Then line-up to choose additional topics

Order of Debates We will set debate schedule (order of debates) on Thursday, 2/23. I will choose first debate We will then draw numbers Watch for back-to-back conflicts Try to rotate tough/technical topics with silly/fun topics. For each day of debate, the next topic PLUS the NEXT TWO topics should be prepared to present.

Research Topics chosen & order set by 2/23, so BEGIN YOUR RESEARCH! Non-verbal Communication 2/24-2/28 We may have Library/Lab time 2/24-2/28??? I will be gone 2/29-3/2, debate video during class. Prep time Mon 3/5-Wed 3/7 Debates begin Thursday, 3/8 NOBODY MAY LEAVE CLASS OR RESEARCH DURING CLASS ONCE DEBATES START

Assignments Debate 1 250 pts Debate 2 250 pts Debate 3 & up extra credit worth half Two highest scores will count as Deb 1 & 2 Questions 100 pts Questions worth 0-5 pts Judging 100 pts Up to 20 pts per judging

Scoring Citing Sources Vocal Tones Delivery style Content Eye contact, posture, etc Content Appropriate Visuals

Definitions Negotiation: a cooperative relationship in which both sides want to reach an agreement. Debate: a more formal way of solving problems; an important method of solving problems in a democracy; from Latin word meaning “to battle”

Why Negotiate? Best friend wants to borrow money from you, but amount is more than you can afford; friend gets angry. Father insists you wash the car every Saturday, but older brother has no chores. Curfew is an hour earlier than any of your friends.

Techniques of Negotiation Be Positive Avoid negative words (from How to Say It at Work, list of 50 words to avoid on pg. 458) Use Three-Part Messages When you (x), I feel (x) because (x) “Stop Talking so I can get a word in edgewise” VS. “When you don’t do your homework, I feel disappointed because you don’t learn what you need to know.” Be Prepared Do the research; know the facts before opening your mouth Talking “from the seat of your pants” or “off the top of your head” rarely impresses anyone Have alternatives in mind Know as much as possible about the position of the other party. Tell the Truth Your reputation is built on your integrity (you are true to yourself). You should never sacrifice your values or standards to achieve your negotiation goals.

Advantages of Debate Career Helping Others As a Voter As a Citizen Moving to a position of higher responsibility often depends on your ability to persuade people. Managers and co-workers will challenge your opinions and you’ll have to think quickly and improvise rather than rely solely on prepared remarks. Helping Others Learn to narrow issues so they can be examined and analyzed one at a time. Learn how to present logical, well-supported arguments and how to find and oint out errors in other arguments. As a Voter Become a more effective evaluator of arguments, more analytical listener As a Citizen Feeling comfortable standing up at a school board or city council meeting to offer solutions to problems.

Debate Terminology Proposition Resolution Affirmative Negative Statement of the point to be debated; a fact, belief, or a recommendation to do something. Very careful of wording as each word can have a major influence Resolution Formally statement of opinion introducing the proposition Affirmative Yes, the statement is true Negative No, the statement is false Status Quo The way things are now Opposite is “Change” Burden of Proof In formal debate, BoP is on the debater arguing the affirmative, must prove there is a problem with the status quo

Debate Terminology Argument Evidence Refute Rebuttal A reason for favoring your side of the proposition. The facts that support the reason Evidence Information that helps you prove something Facts, statements, reports, quotes, etc. Refute To show that something is wrong or false Attacking your opponent’s argument Rebuttal Speech that contradicts an earlier statement Countering your opponent’s attacks on your arguments so you can rebuild your argument. Example on page. 472

Strategy pg. 474 Work Hard Anticipate Build a Sound Case Listen Take Notes Speak Clearly & Logically

Test Your Evidence Is your support recent? Is there corroborative support? Are the sources unbiased?

Reasoning Specific to Generalization Were enough specific instances examined? Larger the group covered by your conclusion, the greater the number of specific instances you should examine Were the specific instances examined representative of the entire group? To draw conclusions about the entire group, examine specific instances from subgroups Were there any significant exceptions? Hiding S.E. is dishonest and will cause audience to discredit your p.o.v. since they probably know the exception

Analogies Provide a change of pace and build a sense of suspense Can underline a basic truth with a seemingly lighthearted moment Using an example from daily life puts every member of the audience directly into the story as well as humanizing yourself.

Analogies Most effective when: Cases used are alike in essential respects Cases used have differences which do not make a significant difference Similarities in the cases are stressed Importance of differences are minimized Differences are confronted squarely

Reasoning Cause to Effect.or.Effect to Cause Example: X results from Y And since X is undesirable Y should be eliminated OR And since X is desirable Y should be encouraged

Test Reasoning from Causes and Effects Before Using Might other causes be producing the observed effect? If two things occur together – what is the cause and what is the effect? Is the evidence causal or merely a time sequence?

Recognizing Faulty Reasoning Emotionalism Speakers appeal to your feelings rather than to your intellect Unsupported Assertions Speakers may state a conclusion without offering proof Generalizing from insufficient evidence A general conclusion must be founded on a sufficient number of typical instances Begging the Question Speakers state as a conclusion that which needs to be proven

Recognizing Faulty Reasoning Personal Attacks Speakers attack opponents instead of responding to the arguments Scapegoats Speakers hold an individual or group responsible for our troubles Bandwagon Speakers appeal to the tendency to “go along with the crow” or “what is popular.” Diversion or “the red herring device” Speakers do not respond to a charge, they launch an attack of their own by leading our attention to something different.

Recognizing Faulty Reasoning Straw Man Speaker restates only part of the opponents case and dismantles that part, thereby appearing to dismantle the whole case Falsehoods Speakers use big lies, half-truths, distortions, and the suppression of essential information to deceive listeners. Speaker’s personality may affect your willingness or reluctance to accept what is said.