Chapter 10: A Changing Nation Social Studies 8

A. Building National Identity Era of Good Feeling – described President Monroe’s 2 terms in office Building National Economy – everyone feeling gov’t. should help secure economy Henry Clay, John C. Calhoun, Daniel Webster all wanting better America

Second Bank of U.S. – opened after 1st Bank of U.S. ‘s charter ran out Necessary b/c state banks made too many loans and issued too much money – inflation & rising prices Bank of U.S. controlled money supply and made loans to individuals Tariffs of 1816 – put tariffs on European goods, so people would buy American products Popular in north where manufacturing Hurt the South who had to pay more for products and had no factories to benefit

Important Supreme Court rulings – promote economic growth McCullough vs. Maryland – protected the Second Bank of U.S., ruled against Maryland wanting the bank to pay tax 1. Said states can’t pass laws that interfere w/fed. govt.

Dartmouth College vs. Woodward – protected Dartmouth’s charter as a contract and couldn’t be changed by gov’t. Promoted capitalism Gibbons vs. Ogden – ruled state couldn’t have monopoly over interstate commerce Strengthened fed. govt.

B. Dealing with other Nations Spain – Spanish control in N. America weakening, esp. in Florida Escaped slaves going to FL and joining Seminole nation – hiding out Gov’t. sends Gen. Andrew Jackson to recapture slaves, he also burns towns, and forces governor to leave Adams-Onis Treaty - Spain cedes Florida to U.S. because it can’t protect the territory

Spanish colonies wanted independence Mexico – won independence after Father Hildago organized armies of natives to fight for independence Hidalgo was executed, but Mexico continued to fight and won freedom from Spain in 1821 1823 – Mexican constitution passed Simon Bolivar – the Liberator - won independence for much of South America

Canada – remained British colony after American Rev. The Monroe Doctrine – statement to Congress and rest of world that any attempt to create colonies in U.S. would be considered “dangerous to our peace & safety Canada – remained British colony after American Rev. Gained right to self-government in 1841 Canada upset after we invaded during War of 1812 Very good relationship with Canada now

C. Age of Jackson Election of 1824 – Andrew Jackson received most popular and electoral votes, but not majority – went to House Henry Clay pushed to vote for Adams John Quincy Adams elected president in 1824 Adams appoints Clay as Sec. of State Jackson & followers called it corrupt bargain and Adams never really accomplishes much with all of controversy surrounding his election

Jackson won election of 1828 Jackson was man of the people - nicknamed “Old Hickory” for strength in War of 1812 He believed ordinary people should take part in government Loved by average American person Jackson won election of 1828 Suffrage (voting) – had been extended to more people - more people voting 3x more than 1824 – called people’s president b/c so many more people voted for him than any election

Political parties re-emerge – Jackson & Henry Clay split Republican party Jackson – Democrat Clay – National Republican National conventions – now held to pick candidate After winning – Jackson replaces gov. officials with his supporters – called Spoils System Had been done before, but Jackson did so publicly – was criticized

D. Indian Removal Still over 100,000 natives living east of MS River Cherokee, Choctaw, Creek and Chickasaw Cherokee adopted white ways, ran businesses, claimed status as separate nation Led by Sequoyah Represented conflict over land Gov. tried to get natives to move voluntarily, many in SE had to be forced

Removal – Georgia passed legislation to move Creek & Cherokee Indians Said that Cherokee weren’t separate nation and had to obey laws 2 Supreme Court rulings – first against Cherokee First – Cherokee Nation vs. Georgia – supported gov’t. Second – Worcester vs. Georgia – supported Cherokee b/c said gov. had made treaties with Indians and treaties were protected by Constitution Jackson furious, wanted natives gone Jackson passed Indian Removal Act of 1830 – gave natives land west of MS River in exchange for their land east of it and gave them money to move

Trail of Tears – Choctaw & Cherokee’s path to new Indian territory in present-OK Indians forced to walk hundreds of miles in bad weather with little supplies 4,000 of 15,000 Cherokee died along the way http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YJPfd1ipOGc

E. States’ Rights & Economy The Bank War – Jackson disliked the Bank of the U.S. because he thought it favored the rich http://www.history.com/topics/us-presidents/andrew-jackson/videos/jackson-censured-in-bank-war Business owners liked the bank – it loaned them money Farmers/merchants/ordinary people – didn’t like the bank, b/c it restricted loans to regular people Bank closes after charter runs out in 1836 Jackson vetoed bill to lengthen Bank’s charter Showed strength of president against Congress

Nullification Crisis – caused when Congress placed high tariffs on goods South upset, and VP John C. Calhoun said the states had the right of “nullification” – cancels the fed. Law This would seriously weaken fed. Government South worried fed. Gov’t. would begin passing laws about slavery Those against nullification said it challenged the union and could break country apart

South Carolina voted for nullification & threatened to secede if gov’t South Carolina voted for nullification & threatened to secede if gov’t. forced the tariffs on them Jackson sends Proclamation to People of S. Carolina telling them fed. law is supreme & he’ll use force Jackson also passed law to lower tariffs S. Carolina agreed to end nullification States’ Rights – issue of balancing power between state governments & federal government still problem Alien & Sedition Act, Virginia & Kentucky resolutions, and Nullification Crisis were issues dealing w/states’ rights

F. End of Jackson Martin Van Buren – Jackson’s second VP, ran for president and won in 1836 Panic of 1837 – British economy going bad, can’t buy cotton from Americans Americans aren’t selling cotton or making $$ Americans can’t pay loans to banks Banks went bankrupt – Economic collapse Lasted for 6 years… ruined Van Buren’s presidency William Henry Harrison beat Van Buren in election of 1840… Age of Jackson was over!!