Hydraulic , Pneumatic and Electrical Telemetry Systems ZANKHANA MEHTA

Hydraulic Telemetry System

What is fluid power? Fluid power is the use of fluids under pressure to generate, control, and transmit power. Fluid power is subdivided into hydraulics using a liquid such as mineral oil or water, and pneumatics using a gas such as air or other gases

ADVANTAGES OF FLUID POWER safety in hazardous environments because they are inherently spark-free and can tolerate high temperatures. force or torque can be held constant — this is unique to fluid power transmission high torque at low speed — unlike electric motors, pneumatic and hydraulic motors can produce high torque while operating at low rotational speeds. Some fluid power motors can even maintain torque at zero speed without overheating pressurized fluids can be transmitted over long distances and through complex machine configurations with only a small loss in power multi-functional control — a single hydraulic pump or air compressor can provide power to many cylinders, motors, or other actuators elimination of complicated mechanical trains of gears, chains, belts, cams, and linkages motion can be almost instantly reversed

TYPES OF HYDRAULIC FLUIDS: Petroleum based Fluid Synthetic Fluid Water based FLuid

Petroleum based Fluid Petroleum-based or mineral-based fluids are the most widely used fluids today. The properties of a mineral-based fluid depend on the additives used, the quality of the original crude oil and the refining process Additives in a mineral-based fluid offer a range of specific performance characteristics.

Synthetic Fluid Synthetic fluids are man-made lubricants and many offer excellent lubrication characteristics in high- pressure and high- temperature systems. Some of the advantages of synthetic fluids may include fire-resistance ,lower friction, and thermal stability. The disadvantage to these types of fluids is that they are usually more expensive than conventional fluids, they may be slightly toxic and require special disposal, and they are often not compatible with standard seal materials.

Water based FLuid Water-based fluids are used for fire-resistance due to their high-water content. Water-based fluids can provide suitable lubrication characteristics but need to be monitored closely to avoid problems. Because water-based fluids are used in applications when fire resistance is needed, these systems and the atmosphere around the systems can be hot. Elevated temperatures cause the water in the fluids to evaporate, which causes the viscosity to rise. Occasionally, distilled water will have to be added to the system to correct the balance of the fluid. Whenever these fluids are used, several system components must be checked for compatibility, including pumps, filters, plumbing, fittings and seal materials. Water-based fluids can be more expensive than conventional petroleum-based fluids and have other disadvantages (for example, lower wear resistance) that must be weighed against the advantage of fire-resistance.

Components used in Hydraulic Transmissions Reservoir, Strainers, Filters, Hydraulic Pumps- Centrifugal, reciprocating and Rotary Lines -Types of tubes and pipes, fittings and connectors for impulse line tubing, Sealing Devices Direction Control Valve

Reservoir The purpose of the hydraulic reservoir is to hold a volume of fluid, transfer heat from the system, allow solid contaminants to settle and facilitate the release of air and moisture from the fluid.

STRAINERS: Strainers are used primarily to catch only very large particles and will be found in applications where  this  type  of  protection  is  required.  Most hydraulic  systems  have  a  strainer  in  the  reservoir at  the  inlet  to  the  suction  line  of  the  pump.

Filters The   most   common   device   install ed   in hydraulic  systems  to  prevent  foreig n  particles  and contamination from remaining in the system are referred to as filters. They may be located in the reservoir, in the return line, in the pressure line, or in any other location in the system where the designer of the system decides they are needed to safeguard the system against impurities.

Hydraulic Pumps The purpose of a hydraulic pump is to supply a flow of fluid to a hydraulic system. The pump does not create system pressure, since pressure can be created only by a resistance to the flow. Three Types Centrifugal, reciprocating Rotary

Centrifugal pump a pump that uses an impeller to move water or other fluids.

Reciprocating pump The term  reciprocating  is  defined  as  back-and-forth motion.

Rotary Pump All  rotary  pumps  have  rotating  parts  which trap the fluid at the inlet (suction) port and force it  through  the  discharge  port  into  the   system

Lines The three types of lines used in systems pipe (rigid), tube   hose  (flexible).

Sealing Devices Packing device is to prevent  system’s external  leakage

DIRECTION CONTROL VALVE Directional   control   valves   are   designed   to direct the flow of fluid, at the desired time, to the point  in  a  fluid  power  system   where  it  will  do work

Accumulators An  accumulator  is  a  pressure  storage  reservoir in which hydraulic fluid is stored under pressure from  an  external  source.   The  storage  of  fluid under  pressure  serves  several  purpos es  in  hydraulic systems. In some hydraulic systems it is necessary to maintain  the  system  pressure  within  a  specific pressure range for long periods of time

Types of Accumulator Piston type Bag or bladder type  Direct-contact  gas-to-fluid  type  Diaphragm  type

PISTON-TYPE ACCUMULATORS Piston-type   accumulators   consist   of   a cylindrical body called a barrel, closures on each end  called  heads,  and  an  internal  piston

BLADDER-TYPE ACCUMULATORS Bladder- or bag-type accumulators consist of a shell or case with a flexible bladder inside the shell

DIRECT-CONTACT GAS-TO-FLUID ACCUMULATORS: Direct-contact  gas-to-fluid  accumulators generally are used in very large installations where it  would  be  very  expensive  to  require  a  piston-or   bladder- type   accumulator

DIAPHRAGM TYPE ACCUMULATOR The   diaphragm- type   accumulator   is   constructed in two halves which are either screwed or bolted together. A synthetic rubber diaphragm is  installed  between  both  halves,  making  two chambers

Pneumatic Telemetry system

Components of Pneumatic Telemetry system: Receiver tank, Strainers, Filters Compressor - Centrifugal, reciprocating and Rotary Lines -Types of Tubes and Pipes Fittings and connectors for Impulse Line tubing, Sealing Devices Junction boxes, Enclosures, clamps-P- U type, Numbering / Tagging system Direction Control Valve - Types

Receiver tank A tank in a pneumatic system, located close to the compressor, that stores and assists in conditioning compressed air

Strainers, Strainers are used primarily to catch only very large particles and will be found in applications where  this  type  of  protection  is  required

Filters The compressors breathe the air from the atmosphere which is finally compressed. The air entering the compressor may carry dirt and dust with it. If the dirt and dust are not prevented they may scratch the tightly fitted components.

Compressor A compressor is a machine that compresses air or another type of gas from a low inlet pressure (usually atmospheric) to a higher desired pressure level

Types of Compressor Centrifugal Reciprocating Rotary

Centrifugal Compressor In a centrifugal compressor, energy is transferred from a set of rotating impeller blades to the gas. Centrifugal compressors deliver high flow capacity per unit of installed space and weight, have good reliability, and require significantly less maintenance than reciprocating compressors

Reciprocating Compressor A reciprocating compressor or piston compressor is a positive- displacement compressor that uses pistons driven by a crankshaft to deliver gases at high pressure.

Rotary Compressor A rotary-screw compressor is a type of gas compressor that uses a rotary-type positive-displacement mechanism. They are commonly used to replace piston compressors where large volumes of high-pressure air are needed,

Lines The three types of lines used in systems pipe (rigid), tube   hose  (flexible).

Sealing Devices (Fittings) Pipes and tubes are joined to other pipes and tubes or components in an installation through fittings for their leak-proof connections. For pneumatic systems, different types of fittings are available. Push-in-fittings are used for simple and quick assembly of pneumatic circuits

JUNCTION BOX In pneumatic telemetry system, pneumatic signal output of all the transmitters located in particular area, are brought to the junction box

Direction Control Valve These control the direction of flow of the compressed air.

ELECTRICAL TELEMETRY

Components of Electrical Telemetry Cables, Junction boxes, Enclosures, connectors clamps Numbering/ Tagging system, Terminals Terminating types (Soldered-unsoldered (screwed , pressed, crimped )

Cables There are basically two ways by which electricity is transported from generating plants to load areas. These are by overhead transmission lines and by underground cables. Overhead transmission is more favoured for economic reasons

Junction boxes An electrical junction box is a container for electrical connections. junction boxes made from metal or plastic. junction box may be buried in the plaster of a wall, concealed behind an access panel or cast into concrete with only the lid showing. It sometimes includes terminals for joining wires

Enclosures An electrical enclosure is a cabinet for electrical or electronic equipment to mount switches, knobs and displays and to prevent electrical shock to equipment users and protect the contents from the environment

connectors An electrical connector is an electro-mechanical device for joining electrical circuits as an interface using a mechanical assembly

clamps In electrical telemetry clamp or probe is an electrical device having two jaws which open to allow clamping around an electrical conductor.

Numbering/ Tagging system,

TERMINALS A terminal is the point at which a conductor from an electrical component, device or network comes to an end and provides a point of connection to external circuits.

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