Art Before the Renaissance Romanesque (11-12c) & Gothic (12-15c) Background Cultures Art Before the Renaissance Prehistoric 30,000 BCE--3,000 BCE Ancient 3000 BCE--400 CE Medieval 400--1300 CE Early Medieval 400-1000 High Medieval 1000-1300 Romanesque (11-12c) & Gothic (12-15c) [Renaissance 1300-1600]

Chinese Art, 7000 life-size soldiers, Mausoleum of 1st Emperor, c210 BCE

Chinese Art, FAN KUAN, Travelers among Mountains and Streams, 6’10”, Northern Song Dyn. Early 11c

Early Mediieval Art, Book of Kells, Chi Rho Iota page, early 9c, Iona Scotland

Early Medieval, Carolingian, Aachen Gospels, 4 Evangelists, c810 CE

Early Medieval, Carolingian, Ebbo Gospels, Matthew writing, Reims School, c830

Early Medieval, Viking, Oseberg Ship, 75’6”, Oslo, Norway

Romanesque Art, England, Bayeux Tapestry, 230’ long, Halley’s Comet as omen, 1066

Romanesque, France, Saint-Sernin, Toulouse, France, ca. 1070–1120. 9

Interior of Saint-Sernin, Toulouse, France, ca. 1070-1120.

Romanesque, France, Moissac Church, Prophet on pillar supporting lintel, early 12c

Romanesque, GISLEBERTUS, Last Judgment, west tympanum of Saint-Lazare, Autun, France, ca. 1120–1135. Marble, 21’ wide at base. 12

Autun, Tympanum detail

Gothic Art, France, Chartres Cathedral, 1145-1230

Gothic, West facade, Chartres Cathedral, Chartres, France, ca 15

Figure 18-6 Royal Portal, west facade, Chartres Cathedral, Chartres, France, ca. 1145–1155. Chartres West, Royal Portal, 1145-55 16

Chartres, Old Testament kings and queens, column statues, central doorway of Royal Portal, Chartres Cathedral, Chartres, France, ca. 1145–1155. 17

Gothic Art, Annunciation and Visitation, column statues of central doorway, west facade, Reims Cathedral, Reims, France, ca. 1230-1255 18

Gothic, Chartres Cathedral, interior, 1194-1220 (120’ vaults)

Gothic, Beauvais Cathedral, France, choir, 1284-- (vaults 157’6”)

Gothic Art, Sainte-Chapelle, Paris, 1138 Biblical scenes, 1243-8

Late Gothic Art, Germany, Virgin with the Dead Christ (Röttgen Pietà), from the Rhineland, Germany, ca. 1300–1325. Painted wood, 2’ 10 1/2” high. Rheinisches Landemuseum, Bonn. 22

Italy 1200-1400

Italy Around 1400 24 24

13th & 14th Century Europe Growing population, urbanization, and middle class 100 Years War (France vs. England), 1337-1453 Black Plague/Death, 1347-50; 40-80% died! Great Schism of Church: Avignon Papacy 1305--; 2 Popes, 1378-1417 Guilds of Artisans and Craftsmen organized Mendicant Orders: Franciscans & Dominicans: Teaching & preaching Theology: Logic of St. Thomas Acquinas Mysticism of St. Bonaventura Humanism: “The discovery of man and the natural world.” ~ New focus on humanity ~ Dante, Petrarch, & Boccaccio

Artist: n/a Title: Cathedral Complex, Pisa Medium: n/a Size: n/a Date: Cathedral, begun 1063; Baptistry, begun 1153; Campanile, begun 1174; Campo Santo, 13th century Source/ Museum: Tuscany, Italy Pisa Cathedral Complex, Tuscany, Italy. Cathedral 1063-, Baptistry 1153-, Campanile 1174-

NICOLA PISANO, pulpit of the baptistery, Pisa, Italy, 1259–1260 NICOLA PISANO, pulpit of the baptistery, Pisa, Italy, 1259–1260. Marble, 15’ high. 27

Nicola Pisano, the Virtue Fortitude depicted as the classical Hercules, Pisa Baptistry Pulpit, 1260

NICOLA PISANO, Annunciation, Nativity, and Adoration of the Shepherds, relief panel on the baptistery pulpit, Pisa, Italy, 1259–1260. Marble, 2’ 10” x 3’ 9”. 29

GIOVANNI PISANO, Annunciation, Nativity, and Adoration of the Shepherds, relief panel on the pulpit of Sant’Andrea, Pistoia, Italy, 1297–1301. Marble 2’ 10” x 3’ 4”. 30

Palazzo della Signoria (town Hall), Florence, 1299-1310 Artist: n/a Title: Piazza Della Signoria with Palazzo Della Signoria (town Hall) Medium: n/a Size: n/a Date: 1299-1310 Source/ Museum: Florence, Italy Palazzo della Signoria (town Hall), Florence, 1299-1310

Duomo (Cathedral) of Florence with Campanile and Baptistry Artist: Arnolfo di Cambio, Francesco Talenti, Andrea Orcagna, and others. Drum and dome by Brunelleschi, bell tower (Campanile) by Giotto, Andrea Pisano, and Francesco Talenti Title: Florence Cathedral (Duomo) Medium: n/a Size: n/a Date: 1296-1378; 1420-36; c. 1334-50 Source/ Museum: Florence, Italy Duomo (Cathedral) of Florence with Campanile and Baptistry 1296-1378 1334-50 1059-

ARNOLFO DI CAMBIO and others, Florence Cathedral (aerial view looking northeast), Florence, Italy, begun 1296. 33 33

Florence Cathedral (Duomo) Plan 1294, construction begun 1296, redesigned 1357 and 1366, drum and dome 1420-36 Plan 1294, construction begun 1296, redesigned 1357 and 1366, drum and dome 1420-36 Artist: n/a Title: Florence Cathedral (Duomo) Medium: n/a Size: n/a Date: Plan 1294, construction begun 1296, redesigned 1357 and 1366, drum and dome 1420-36 Source/ Museum: Illustration by Philipe Biard in Guide Gallimard Florence © Gallimard Loisirs Florence Cathedral (Duomo)

Arnolfo di Cambio and others, interior of Florence Cathedral (looking east), Florence, Italy, begun 1296. 35 35

CIMABUE, Madonna Enthroned with Angels and Prophets, from Santa Trinità, Florence, Italy, ca. 1280–1290. Tempera and gold on wood, Galleria degli Uffizi 36 36

GIOTTO DI BONDONE, Madonna Enthroned, from the Church of Ognissanti, Florence, Italy, ca. 1310. Tempera and gold leaf on wood, 10’ 8” x 6’ 8”. Galleria degli Uffizi, Florence. 39 39

Giotto di Bondone, Arena Chapel (Cappella Scrovegni; interior looking east), Padua, Italy, 1305–1306. 41 41

Giotto, Arena Chapel, Last Judgement, west wall, 1306

Detail, Hell in Last Judgement

Artist: Giotto di Bondone Title: Marriage at Cana, Raising of Lazarus, Resurrection, and Lamentation Medium: Frescoes Size: Each scene approx. 6' 5” x 6' (2 x 1.85 m) Date: 1305-6 Source/ Museum: North wall of Scrovegni (Arena) Chapel, Padua

Marriage at Cana, Arena Chapel, by Giotto, 1306

Giotto, Joachim after his offering reject was rejected.

Giotto, Arena Ch. Arrest of Christ

Giotto, Lamentation, Padua, 1305 Artist: Giotto di Bondone Title: Lamentation Medium: Fresco Size: 6' 5” x 6' (2 x 1.85 m) Date: 1305-6 Source/ Museum: Scrovegni (Arena) Chapel, Padua Giotto, Lamentation, Padua, 1305

LORENZO MAITANI, west facade of Orvieto Cathedral, Orvieto, Italy, begun 1310 50 50

Siena Cathedral, 1284-1299 Artist: n/a Title: Siena Cathedral Medium: n/a Size: n/a Date: 1284–99 Source/ Museum: Siena, Italy. Lower west façade, Siena Cathedral, 1284-1299

Front of Maesta by Duccio

Back of Maesta by Duccio

Artist: Duccio di Buoninsegna Title: Virgin and Child in Majesty Medium: Tempera and gold on wood panel Size: 7' x 13' 6” ( 2.13 x 3.96 m) Date: 1308-11 Source/ Museum: Central Panel from Maestà Altarpiece Siena Cathedral. Museo dell'Opera del Duomo, Siena DUCCIO DI BUONINSEGNA, Virgin and Child Enthroned with Saints, principal panel of the Maestà altarpiece, from the Siena Cathedral, Siena, Italy, 1308–1311. Tempera and gold leaf on wood, 7’ x 13’ (center panel). Museo dell’Opera del Duomo, Siena.

DUCCIO DI BUONINSEGNA, Betrayal of Jesus, detail from the back of the Maestà altarpiece, from the Siena Cathedral, Siena, Italy, 1309–1311. Tempera on wood, detail approx. 1’ 10 1/2” x 3’ 4”. Museo dell’Opera del Duomo, Siena.

Lamentation from Maesta, 1308-11

SIMONE MARTINI AND LIPPO MEMMI( SIMONE MARTINI AND LIPPO MEMMI(?), Annunciation, altarpiece, from Siena Cathedral, Siena, Italy, 1333 (frame reconstructed in the19th century). Tempera and gold leaf on wood, center panel 10’ 1” x 8’ 8 3/4”. Galleria degli Uffizi, Florence.

SIMONE MARTINI AND LIPPO MEMMI( SIMONE MARTINI AND LIPPO MEMMI(?), Annunciation, altarpiece, from Siena Cathedral, Siena, Italy, 1333 (frame reconstructed in the19th century). Tempera and gold leaf on wood, center panel 10’ 1” x 8’ 8 3/4”. Galleria degli Uffizi, Florence. 60 60

Simone Martini, Guidoriccio da Fogliano, Pal. Pubblico, Siena, 1328-30 11’x32’

PIETRO LORENZETTI, The Birth of the Virgin, from Altar of Saint Savinus, Siena Cathedral, Siena, Italy, 1342. Tempera on wood, approx. 6’ 1” x 5’ 11”. Museo dell’Opera del Duomo, Siena.

Ambrogio Lorenzetti, Suckling Madonna, c1330

INSERT FIGURE 19-15 Aerial view of the Campo with the Palazzo Pubblico, Siena, Italy, 1288–1309. 64

Palazzo Pubblico, Siena, Italy, 1288–1309.

Artist: Ambrogio Lorenzetti Title: Fresco series of the Sala della Pace, Palazzo Pubblico Medium: n/a Size: Length of long wall about 46' (14 m) Date: 1338-40 Source/ Museum: Siena city hall, Siena, Italy Ambrogio Lorenzetti, Fresco series of Good and Bad Government, Sala della Pace, Palazzo Pubblico, 1338-40

Artist: Ambrogio Lorenzetti Title: Allegory of Good Government in the City Medium: n/a Size: Length of long wall about 46' (14 m) Date: 1338-40 Source/ Museum: Sala della Pace, Palazzo Pubblico, Siena, Italy Ambrogio Lorenzetti, Fresco series of Good Government, Sala della Pace, Palazzo Pubblico, 1338-40

Artist: Ambrogio Lorenzetti Title: Allegory of Good Government in the Country Medium: n/a Size: Length of long wall about 46' (14 m) Date: 1338-40 Source/ Museum: Sala della Pace, Palazzo Pubblico, Siena, Italy Ambrogio Lorenzetti, Fresco series of Good and Bad Government in the Countryside, Sala della Pace, Palazzo Pubblico, 1338-40

Doge’s Palace, Venice, Italy, begun c1340-45; remodelled 1424-38 Figure 19-21 Doge’s Palace, Venice, Italy, begun ca. 1340-1345; expanded and remodeled, 1424-1438. Doge’s Palace, Venice, Italy, begun c1340-45; remodelled 1424-38 70