Carbohydrate Protein Organic Chemistry Nucleic Acid Lipid

Organic Chemistry Living Organisms are made up of . will contain the elements . All other compounds are inorganic. both inorganic AND organic compounds Organic compounds Carbon (C) and hydrogen (H) Watch Carbon the Element of Life Movie

Classes of Organic Compounds Living organisms are made up of four classes of organic compounds. Example: Carbohydrates Sugar, Starches Lipids Fat and oil Protein meat, cheese Nucleic Acids DNA

A. CARBOHYDRATES What are some examples of carbohydrates that you eat/use in your daily life? Pasta Starch Sugar Bread Rice Fruit Watch Carbohydrate Facts Movie

Glucose: type of sugar in your blood monosaccharide Sucrose: table sugar Disaccharide Starch: Type of carbohydrate found in pasta and rice Polysaccharide

What you need to know about carbohydrates: Importance (short term use) Source of energy Structure of plant cell wall

Carbohydrates: Facts 2. Facts What does a carbohydrate look like? It is usually a structure. Anytime you see a name ending in the letters it is a sugar. Examples: and the most important ring OSE sucrose, lactose, maltose glucose

Carbohydrates: Facts con’t STARCH Carbohydrates can be huge like or small molecules like . glucose Remember the diffusion lab? Which molecule was able to move across the semi-permeable membrane? Glucose

What you need to know about carbohydrates: Facts Different combinations of the building blocks ( )make different carbohydrates Examples: glucose + fructose = table sugar ( ) Glucose + galactose = milk sugar ( ) sugar sucrose lactose Watch Simple Carbohydrates Monosaccharides, Disaccharides Movie

3. Carbohydrate: Structure The smallest carbohydrate molecule is a building block called a like monosaccharide glucose Chemical formula for glucose is This can be reduced to ratio of Carbon : Hydrogen : Oxygen ratio of C6H12O6 1 :2:1

Carbohydrate: Structure Combining monosaccharides If we put two of these together it looks like this: This structure is called a The word “saccharide” means The prefix “mono” means Di means disaccharide sugar one two

Disaccarides Common example of disaccharides are: (table sugar) (milk sugar) (malt sugar) Sucrose Lactose Maltose

Polysaccharides If we put many of these together it looks like this: This structure is called a The prefix “poly” means many Watch Complex Carbohydrates Polysaccharide Movie

Polysaccharide con’t Glycogen (stored in muscles and liver) There is no limit to the number of sugars that can be linked together to form a polysaccharide like starch. Polysaccharides found in plants are Polysaccharide found in animals is called Starch (stored in roots) and cellulose (cell wall) Glycogen (stored in muscles and liver)

Stop and Jot Tell me what you remember about carbohydrates!

B. Lipids Butter, oil, lard, estrogen, testosterone What are some examples of lipids that you eat/use in your daily life? Butter, oil, lard, estrogen, testosterone Watch Lipids, Cholesterol Movie

What you need to know about lipids: Importance (long term use) Source of energy Insulation (heat and electrical) Regulation (hormones) Structure (cell membrane)

Lipids: Facts Facts Lipids are large molecules made up of two different building blocks. One is called (usually 2 -3 of these) and the other is called Lipids are (they don’t mix) which makes them ideal for the membrane of a cell. fatty acid glycerol NOT SOLUBLE IN WATER

Lipids: Facts-con’t Two basic categories of fats saturated and unsaturated are solids at room temperature are liquids at room temperature SATURATED UNSATURATED

Lipid Structure Structure Molecules that make up a fat are a and (usually 3) glycerol Fatty acid Fatty Acid Watch Fatty Acids Movie

Saturated fat vs unsaturated fat A saturated fat looks like this A unsaturated fat looks like this

Phospholipid A fat in the cell membrane is called a phospholipid and looks like this:

Stop and Jot Tell me what you remember about lipids!

C. Proteins What are some examples of proteins that you eat/use in your daily life? Meat, eggs, cheese, legumes (beans) Watch An Introduction to Proteins Movie

What you need to know about proteins: Importance What do proteins form? - control reactions in the body (discuss more later) – defense against disease – messengers of the body – locomotion of the body ENZYMES ANTIBODIES HORMONES MUSCLE

What you need to know about proteins: Importance – structure – transport across (“tunnels”) the membrane – allow cells to respond to chemical messengers (remember?) HAIR CELL MEMBRANE CELL RECEPTOR MOLECULES

Protein Facts Facts: Proteins are made up building blocks called The basic structure of all amino acids looks like this: Amino Acids   *Note the atom in the molecule. nitrogen (N)

Protein Structure Structure Building Block-Amino Acid Variable Group Carboxyl Group Amino Group Watch Proteins and Amino Acids Movie

Protein Structure: Amino acid When two amino acids join together a is formed. dipeptide This structure is called a The word “peptide” refers to The prefix “di” means dipeptide amino acid two The bond holding amino acids together is called a peptide bond Watch Peptide Bonds Movie

Protein: Polypeptide Many amino acids bonded together form a a polypeptide This structure is called a The word “peptide” refers to amino acid The prefix “poly” means polypeptide many

Stop and Jot Tell me what you remember about proteins!

ENZYMES: Importance Enzymes are a special type of protein that that occur in living things. controls ALL of the chemical reactions Watch Enzymes Movie

ENZYMES: Facts Facts about enzymes Enzymes are A catalysts Enzymes work just like a Enzymes have a and will fit only substance ( ) that it will “work” on. Enzymes are by the reaction so they can be PROTEINS CATALYSTS SPEEDS UP A CHEMICAL REACTION LOCK AND KEY SPECIFIC SHAPE ONE SUBSTRATE NOT CHANGED USED OVER AND OVER AGAIN

ENZYMES: Facts (Con’t) The is where the enzyme and substrate go together. Enzymes names end in Named for what it works on for example: Lipase works on lipids Protease works on works on sucrose active site ASE protein Sucrase

ENZYMES: Structure Structure ENZYME ENZYME Active Site SUBSTRATE + Active Site SUBSTRATE Enzyme-Substrate Complex Product

ENZYMES: Structure Denature NOTE: If the shape of the enzyme is altered, then it and it on the substrate won’t be able to fit WON’T BE ABLE TO “WORK” ENZYME Enzyme can no longer attach to substrate + Active Site Active Site altered

Rate of Enzyme Function Factors that affect how fast ( ) the enzymes work. the rate - As temperature increases the rate up to a point (optimum), then it decreases because the protein ( ) Temperature increases changes shape DENATURES

Rate of Enzyme Function pH -(The acid content) Different enzymes work best at different environmental pH values. pH Recall pH

Rate of Enzyme Function Concentration of enzymes and substrates – At the beginning, the rate because there are lots of active sites available (places where the substrate and enzyme join). Eventually, it will because the active sites are full. This is called the Concentration increases flatten out saturation point

Stop and Jot Tell me what you remember about enzymes!

Nucleic Acid Importance: Mainly found in the Involved in controlling activities of the cell Involved in heredity nucleus of the cell

Nucleic Acid: Facts Facts: types of nucleic acid molecules Two deoxyribonucleic Acid) which makes up (ribonucleic Acid) which is involved in making Two DNA genes RNA protein Watch Chromotin, Chromosomes and DNA Subunits Movie

Nucleic Acid: Structure DNA has the shape of a double helix The building block is nucleotide Each nucleotide has Sugar Phosphate Nitrogen base (A,T C G or U)

Put all the nucleotides together and it looks like this Then the molecule twists forming a helix

Nucleic Acid: Structure (Double Helix) When the nucleotides are bonded together they form a ladder- like structure which is then twisted

Can you figure out the pattern?

Reactions in Organic Chemistry Dehydration Synthesis When a big molecule is made from smaller molecules (Starch from a bunch of simple sugars) the process is called DEHYDRATION SYNTHESIS Removing water to make Watch video clip here! Press to start.

Reactions in Organic Chemistry Hydrolysis When a big molecule is broken up into the smaller molecules (Protein into amino acids) the process is called HYDROLYSIS Water Splitting

The End!