Components and Circuits Chapter 4 Components and Circuits (Part I) Jim Blodgett, KI6JB Electrical Principles,

Brief Review of a few Chapter 3 Exam Questions What is the maximum height above ground to which an antenna structure may be erected without requiring notification to the FAA and registration with the FCC, provided it is not at or near a public use airport? 300 feet 200 feet 100 feet 50 feet 2017 MDARC/SATERN General Licensing Course

Brief Review of a few Chapter 3 Exam Questions What is the maximum height above ground to which an antenna structure may be erected without requiring notification to the FAA and registration with the FCC, provided it is not at or near a public use airport? 200 feet G1B01 Page 3-2 2017 MDARC/SATERN General Licensing Course

Brief Review of a few Chapter 3 Exam Questions What license examinations may you administer when you are an accredited VE holding a General Class operator license? Technician only General only General and Technician Extra, General and Technician 2017 MDARC/SATERN General Licensing Course

Brief Review of a few Chapter 3 Exam Questions What license examinations may you administer when you are an accredited VE holding a General Class operator license? Technician only G1D02 Page 3-4 2017 MDARC/SATERN General Licensing Course

Brief Review of a few Chapter 3 Exam Questions What types of messages for a third party in another country may be transmitted by an amateur station? Any messages, as long as the text of the message is recorded in the station log Only messages for other licensed amateurs Any message, as long as the amateur operator is not paid Only messages relating to Amateur Radio or remarks of a personal character, or messages relating to emergencies or disaster relief 2017 MDARC/SATERN General Licensing Course

Brief Review of a few Chapter 3 Exam Questions What types of messages for a third party in another country may be transmitted by an amateur station? Only messages relating to Amateur Radio or remarks of a personal character, or messages relating to emergencies or disaster relief G1E05 Page 3-9 2017 MDARC/SATERN General Licensing Course

Brief Review of a few Chapter 3 Exam Questions What is the maximum transmitting power an amateur station may use on 10.140 MHz? 2000 watts PEP output 1500 watts PEP output 1000 watts PEP output 200 watts PEP output 2017 MDARC/SATERN General Licensing Course

Brief Review of a few Chapter 3 Exam Questions What is the maximum transmitting power an amateur station may use on 10.140 MHz? 200 watts PEP output G1C01 Page 3-13 2017 MDARC/SATERN General Licensing Course

2017 MDARC/SATERN General Licensing Course Chapter 4 Last week you learned some of the rules and regulations required by the FCC and “good amateur practices.” Now it is time to learn more about electricity and some basic components used to harness that energy. 2017 MDARC/SATERN General Licensing Course

4.1 Electrical Review Current, Voltage and Power Current is the flow of electrons and is measured in amperes (A) [I] Voltage is the force that moves electrons and is measured in volts (V)[E] Power is the product of amperage and voltage and is measured in watts (W) [P] 2017 MDARC/SATERN General Licensing Course

4.1 Electrical Review Current, Voltage and Power Two Fundamentals of Electricity Moving electrons create magnetic fields. Moving or changing magnetic fields cause electrons to move. Components of Electricity Attribute Symbol Analogy Voltage E Water pressure Current I Water molecules flowing Resistance R Friction 2017 MDARC/SATERN General Licensing Course

4.1 Electrical Review Resistance and Ohm’s Law The opposition to current flow is called Resistance and is measured in ohms (R) [Ω] The Components of Electricity are related Ohm’s Law Using these charts you can determine Resistance, Current, Voltage, and Power 2017 MDARC/SATERN General Licensing Course

4.1 Electrical Review Resistance and Ohm’s Law Cover the Unknown Multiply or Divide for the Unknown Ohm’s Law R = E ÷ I 2017 MDARC/SATERN General Licensing Course

4.1 Electrical Review Resistance and Ohm’s Law Voltage is ELECTROMOTIVE FORCE, which is shortened to EMF or simply E "I" stands for "Impetus", the original name for the quantity of flow of an electrical current. 2017 MDARC/SATERN General Licensing Course

4.1 Electrical Review Resistance and Ohm’s Law Solve for Formula Voltage E=I*R Amperage I=E/R Resistance R=E/I 2017 MDARC/SATERN General Licensing Course

4.1 Electrical Review Resistance and Ohm’s Law Power is the ability to do work. Work is basically making something move. Force over a distance or Pressure over a distance If something doesn't move, there is no work produced. Heat produced is also a measure of work. What is Power? 2017 MDARC/SATERN General Licensing Course

4.1 Electrical Review Resistance and Ohm’s Law Power Equation Cover the Unknown Multiply or Divide for the Unknown 2017 MDARC/SATERN General Licensing Course

4.1 Electrical Review Resistance and Ohm’s Law Power Equation Also seen as 2017 MDARC/SATERN General Licensing Course

4.1 Electrical Review Resistance and Ohm’s Law Power Equation Variations V = Voltage I = Amperes P = Power 2017 MDARC/SATERN General Licensing Course

4.1 Electrical Review Resistance and Ohm’s Law Power Equation Variations Because Ohm’s Law links voltage, current and resistance, E and I can be replaced in the power equation with their equivalents. 2017 MDARC/SATERN General Licensing Course

Using the Power Equation How many watts of electrical power are used if 400 VDC is supplied to an 800 ohm load? [G5B03] Page 4-2 Solving the problem 2017 MDARC/SATERN General Licensing Course

4.1 Electrical Review AC and DC Waveforms Direct Current (DC) Electrons move in one direction. Alternating Current (AC) Electrons reverse direction with some regularity. Frequency The number of complete cycles of an alternating current that occur per second. Wavelength The distance a radio wave travels in one cycle 2017 MDARC/SATERN General Licensing Course

4.1 Electrical Review Decibels Decibels (dB) In electronics, decibels are used to express ratios of power, voltage, or current. We can calculate a Power or Voltage Ratio from dBs We can convert dB to Percentage and Vice Versa Power Measurements 2017 MDARC/SATERN General Licensing Course

4.1 Electrical Review Decibels The decibel (dB) is a logarithmic unit that indicates the Ratio of an Energy Quantity (usually power or intensity) relative to a specified or implied reference level. A ratio in decibels is ten times the logarithm to base 10 of the ratio of two power quantities. Power Measurements 2017 MDARC/SATERN General Licensing Course

4.1 Electrical Review Decibels How does a signal that reads 20 dB over S9 compare to one that reads S9 on a receiver, assuming a properly calibrated S meter? [G4D05] Page 5-18 The choices It is 10 times less powerful It is 20 times less powerful It is 20 times more powerful It is 100 times more powerful 2017 MDARC/SATERN General Licensing Course

4.1 Electrical Review Decibels How does a signal that reads 20 dB over S9 compare to one that reads S9 on a receiver, assuming a properly calibrated S meter? Solving the problem [G4D05] Page 5-18 We will learn this calculation in Chapter 5 Correct Answer: (C) 200 feet [97.15(a)] Page 3-2 but there is an easy alternate solution. 2017 MDARC/SATERN General Licensing Course

4.1 Electrical Review Decibels Decibel Log vs Power Chart The question: How does a signal that reads 20 dB over S9 compare to one that reads S9 on a receiver, assuming a properly calibrated S meter? You can use this chart rather than having to do the more difficult calculation. Correct Answer: (C) 200 feet [97.15(a)] Page 3-2 The answer is……. It is 100 times more powerful 2017 MDARC/SATERN General Licensing Course

4.1 Electrical Review Decibels What dB change represents a two-times increase or decrease in power? [G5B01] Solving the problem Page 4-4 2017 MDARC/SATERN General Licensing Course

4.1 Electrical Review Decibels Remember this tip from the top of Page 4-4 “A very helpful value to remember is that any time you double the power (or cut in half) there is a 3dB change.” 2017 MDARC/SATERN General Licensing Course

4.2 AC Power RMS: Root Mean Square Root Mean Square (RMS) is a measure of voltage of an AC signal that would deliver the same amount of power as a DC voltage of the same value. The RMS for a sine wave is 0.707. 2017 MDARC/SATERN General Licensing Course

4.2 AC Power PEP: Peak Envelope Power Peak Envelope Power (PEP) is the average power during one RF cycle at the peak of the signal’s envelope Based on Figure 4.3, Page 4-6 2017 MDARC/SATERN General Licensing Course

4.2 AC Power PEP: Peak Envelope Power A detailed view of PEP 2017 MDARC/SATERN General Licensing Course

4.2 AC Power Practice Exam Question What is the RMS voltage of a sine wave with a value of 17 volts peak? [G5B09] The choices Page 4-6 8.5 volts 12 volts 24 volts 34 volts 2017 MDARC/SATERN General Licensing Course

4.2 AC Power Practice Exam Question What is the RMS voltage of a sine wave with a value of 17 volts peak? [G5B09] Solving the problem Page 4-6 2017 MDARC/SATERN General Licensing Course

4.3 Basic Components Resistors and Resistance A Resistor impedes the flow of electrons. Resistance is the opposition that a substance offers to the flow of electric current. 2017 MDARC/SATERN General Licensing Course

4.3 Basic Components Schematic Symbols From Page 4-8 2017 MDARC/SATERN General Licensing Course

4.3 Basic Components Inductors and Inductance Inductors store energy in a magnetic field. The inductance of an inductor is the measure of its ability to store magnetic energy in a magnetic field. Parasitic Inductance can disrupt a circuit’s operation or affect its tuning. 2017 MDARC/SATERN General Licensing Course

4.3 Basic Components Can you find the components? #1 Field Effect Transistor #2 NPN Junction Transistor #3 Diode/Rectifier #4 Voltage Variable Capacitor #5 Zener Diode #6 Multiple- winding Transformer #7 Tapped Inductor #8 Capacitor #9 Fixed Resistor #10 Capacitor #11 Variable Resistor Based on Figure G7-1, Page 11-51 (Question Pool) 2017 MDARC/SATERN General Licensing Course

4.3 Basic Components Series and Parallel Circuits Series Circuit The same current flows through all connected components. Parallel Circuit The same voltage is the same across all of the connected components. 2017 MDARC/SATERN General Licensing Course

4.3 Basic Components Series and Parallel Circuits Figure 4.9, Page 4-12 Voltages add in series circuits Currents add in parallel circuits 2017 MDARC/SATERN General Licensing Course

4.3 Basic Components Series and Parallel Circuits Page 4-13 Page 4-13 2017 MDARC/SATERN General Licensing Course

4.3 Basic Components Series and Parallel Circuits Combination of Series and Parallel Components Series Circuit Parallel Circuit Figure 4.10, Page 4-13 2017 MDARC/SATERN General Licensing Course

2017 MDARC/SATERN General Licensing Course 4.3 Basic Components Transformers A transformer is an electrical device with two or more Inductors wound a common core for the purpose of transferring energy between them. Transformer Symbols Transformer Drawing 2017 MDARC/SATERN General Licensing Course

Class Session 4: Part II Assignment In preparation for the next class session, do the following……. Study Chapter 4 “Components and Circuits” Part II: Reactance and Impedance, Active Components, Practical Circuits, Basic Test Equipment Study the Question Pool questions found in the ”blue boxes” in Part II in this chapter. 2017 MDARC/SATERN General Licensing Course

Please follow the instructions from the Elmers for this room set up.