12 Urology and Nephrology

Media Directory Slide 17 Urinary System Anatomy Slide 19 Male Reproductive System Anatomy Slide 63 Vasectomy Video Slide 69 Renal Calculi Video Slide 72 Erectile Dysfunction Video Slide 75 Genital Herpes Video Slide 76 Gonorrhea Video Slide 81 Peritoneal Dialysis Video Slide 91 Urinalysis Video Slide 93 Catheterization Video

Learning Objectives UNDERSTAND the functions of the urinary and male reproductive systems. DESCRIBE the medical specialties of urology and nephrology. DEFINE urology and nephrology-related combining forms, prefixes, and suffixes. IDENTIFY the organs treated in urology and nephrology.

Learning Objectives BUILD urology and nephrology medical terms from word parts. EXPLAIN urology and nephrology medical terms. USE urology and nephrology abbreviations.

Urology and Nephrology Important for maintaining homeostasis A stable internal environment Removing waste products Adjusting water and electrolyte levels Maintaining normal pH

Urology and Nephrology Kidneys produce urine Urine flows through Kidneys Ureter Urinary bladder Urethra

Male Reproductive System In males, urinary system and reproductive system share urethra Male reproductive organs Testes Epididymis Vas deferens Seminal vesicles Prostate gland Bulbourethral gland Urethra Penis

Urology and Nephrology Urologists treat conditions of: Female and male urinary tract Male reproductive system Nephrologists treat conditions of kidney such as: Renal failure Kidney transplants Dialysis

Urology and Nephrology Combining Forms balan/o glans penis cyst/o bladder epididym/o epididymis glomerul/o glomerulus lith/o stone nephr/o kidney orchid/o testes orchi/o testes orch/o testes prostat/o prostate gland pyel/o renal pelvis ren/o kidney

Urology and Nephrology Combining Forms semin/i semen spermat/o sperm sperm/o sperm testicul/o testicle ur/o urine ureter/o ureter urethr/o urethra urin/o urine vas/o vas deferens vesicul/o seminal vesicle

Additional Combining Forms albumin/o albumin azot/o nitrogen waste bacteri/o bacteria corpor/o body crypt/o hidden genit/o genitals glycos/o sugar, glucose hemat/o blood hem/o blood hydr/o water noct/i night olig/o scanty py/o pus rect/o rectum ven/o vein

Suffix Review –al pertaining to –algia pain –ar pertaining to –ary pertaining to –cele hernia, protrusion –cyte cell –eal pertaining to –ectomy surgical removal –emia blood condition –genesis produces, generates –gram record, picture –graphy process of recording –ia state –iasis abnormal condition

Suffix Review –ic pertaining to –ism state of, condition –itis inflammation –lith stone –logist one who studies –logy study –lysis destruction –megaly enlargement -meter instrument for measuring –oma tumor, mass –osis abnormal condition –ostomy surgically create an opening –otomy cutting into –ous pertaining to

Suffix Review –pathy disease –pexy surgical fixation –plasty surgical repair –ptosis drooping –rrhaphy suture –rrhea discharge, flow –sclerosis hardened condition –scope instrument for viewing –scopy process of visually examining –stenosis narrowing –tripsy crushing –trophy development –uria urine condition

Prefix Review a– without an– without dys– abnormal extra– outside of hyper– excessive intra– within poly– many trans– across

Figure 12.1 The urinary system.

Urinary System Anatomy Click on the image in presentation mode to view the organs from different angles. The animation may take a moment to begin. Click a second time to pause the animation. Back to Directory

Male Reproductive System Figure 12.2 The male reproductive system.

Male Reproductive System Anatomy Click on the image in presentation mode to view the organs from different angles. The animation may take a moment to begin. Click a second time to pause the animation. Back to Directory

Building Urology and Nephrology Terms For each urology and nephrology term introduced on the next few slides, write the completed term in your textbook (pg 241).

Balan/o Combining form meaning glans penis Enlarged tip of the penis Covered by the prepuce or foreskin Build a medical term meaning: discharge from the glans penis balanorrhea balan/o + -rrhea

Cyst/o Combining form meaning urinary bladder Muscular organ Stores urine produced by the kidneys Urine drains into bladder from ureters and exits bladder into urethra

Figure 12.3 Urinary Bladder.

Cyst/o Build a medical term meaning: bladder pain cystalgia protrusion of the bladder cystocele stone in the bladder cystolith cyst/o + -lith

Epididym/o Combining form meaning epididymis Sits on top of each testis Stores sperm as they are made by the testes Build a medical term meaning: pertaining to the epididymis epididymal

Lith/o Combining form meaning stone Stones form in many parts of body Usually formed from organic or inorganic salts

Lith/o Build a medical term meaning: surgical crushing of a stone lithotripsy abnormal condition of stone in bladder cystolithiasis cyst/o + lith + -iasis

Nephr/o Combining form meaning kidney One kidney is located on either side of spine at level of lower ribs Consists of thousands of nephrons Glomerulus portion of each nephron filters waste products and excess water and electrolytes out of blood in order to produce urine

Kidney Figure 12.4 Kidney.

Nephr/o Urine drains out of kidney into ureter and on to urinary bladder for storage Build a medical term meaning: enlarged kidney nephromegaly drooping kidney nephroptosis nephr/o + -ptosis

Orchid/o Combining form meaning testes Male reproductive organs that produce sperm and testosterone Two testes are suspended outside body in the scrotum As sperm are produced they travel to epididymis for storage Singular form is testis

Testes Figure 12.5 Testis.

Orchid/o Another term for testes is testicles (singular, testicle) Build a medical term meaning: surgical removal of testes orchidectomy orchid + -ectomy

Orchi/o Another combining form meaning testes Build a medical term meaning: surgical fixation of the testes orchiopexy testes pain orchialgia

Orch/o Another combining form meaning testes Build a medical term meaning: state of being without testes anorchism condition of hidden testes cryptorchism crypt- + orch + -ism

-ostomy Suffix meaning to create a surgical opening Describes creation of new opening between two organs or between organ and external surface of body New opening on surface of body is called stoma

-ostomy Build a medical term meaning: surgically create an opening in the ureter ureterostomy surgically create an opening in the renal pelvis pyelostomy pyel + -ostomy

Prostat/o Combining form meaning prostate gland One of male reproductive glands Located surrounding urethra at base of the bladder Secretes milky fluid Makes up much of liquid portion of semen Serves to nourish sperm

Prostat/o Build a medical term meaning: surgical removal of the prostate gland prostatectomy prostat + -ectomy

Prostate Gland Figure 12.6 Prostate gland.

Pyel/o Combining form meaning renal pelvis Area inside each kidney where urine collects as it is being made Each renal pelvis then drains into one of the ureters

Pyel/o Build a medical term meaning: renal pelvis and kidney inflammation pyelonephritis pyel/o + nephr + -itis

Ren/o Another combining form meaning kidney Build a medical term meaning: record of the kidney renogram

Semin/i Combining form meaning semen Fluid ejaculated from penis during intercourse Contains sperm and fluids secreted by reproductive glands: Prostate gland Seminal vesicles Bulbourethral gland

Semin/i Build a medical term meaning: condition of semen in the urine seminuria semin + -uria

Spermat/o Combining form meaning sperm Male reproductive cells Produced in testes and ejaculated from body in semen Contain one-half of normal complement of chromosomes

Spermat/o When sperm fertilizes ovum (which also has one-half set of chromosomes from mother), new baby is created with full set of chromosomes Build a medical term meaning: generates sperm spermatogenesis destruction of sperm spermatolysis

Sperm/o Another combining form meaning sperm Build a medical term meaning: state of being without sperm aspermia state of having scanty sperm oligospermia olig/o + sperm + -ia

Testicul/o Combining form meaning testicle Build a medical term meaning: pertaining to a testicle testicular testicul + -ar

Ureter/o Combining form meaning ureter Tube leading away from renal pelvis of each kidney Carries urine from kidney to urinary bladder

Ureters Figure 12.7 Ureters.

Ureter/o Build a medical term meaning: ureter inflammation ureteritis narrowing of the ureter ureterostenosis

Urethr/o Combining form meaning urethra Single urethra leads out of bladder Carries urine to outside of body External opening is meatus

Male Urethra Figure 12.8 Male Urethra.

Urethr/o Build a medical term meaning: surgical repair of the urethra urethroplasty urethra pain urethralgia urethr + -algia

-uria Suffix meaning condition of the urine Used with prefix or combining form to indicate something found in urine or associated with urination

-uria Build a medical term meaning: sugar urine condition glycosuria night urine condition nocturia noct + -uria

Urin/o Combining form meaning urine Fluid produced by nephrons of each kidney as they filter wastes, water, and dissolved substances from blood Build a medical term meaning: instrument to measure urine urinometer

Ur/o Another combining form meaning urine Build a medical term meaning: condition of urine in the blood uremia

Vas/o Combining form meaning vas deferens Long tube Carries sperm from epididymis to urethra Reproductive glands connected to vas deferens add fluids as sperm pass by, making semen

Vas/o Build a medical term meaning: surgical removal of the vas deferens vasectomy vas + -ectomy

Vasectomy Figure 12.9 Steps in performing a vasectomy: (A) vas deferens are located; (B) small skin incision is made; (C) vas deferens are cut and ends are cauterized; (D) vas deferens are returned to scrotum and skin is sutured

Vasectomy Video Click on the image in presentation mode to view a video on the topic of vasectomy. The animation may take a moment to begin. Click a second time to pause the animation. Back to Directory

Vesicul/o Combining form meaning seminal vesicles Male reproductive glands Located behind bladder Add fluid to sperm as they pass in vas deferens

Vesicul/o Build a term meaning: surgical removal of the seminal vesicle vesiculectomy vesicul + -ectomy

Urology and Nephrology Vocabulary Term Explanation benign prostatic hypertrophy (BPH) Non-cancerous enlargement of prostate gland; puts pressure on urethra and narrows it; results in frequency, urgency, and nocturia; commonly seen in males over age 50 blood urea nitrogen (BUN) Blood test for kidney function; measures level of nitrogenous waste, urea, in blood calculus Term for stone; most are from mineral salts; commonly found in kidney, renal pelvis, ureters, bladder, or urethra; plural is calculi

Benign Prostatic Hypertrophy Figure 12.10 Benign prostatic hypertrophy. The enlarged prostate gland pinches the urethra making urination difficult.

Calculus Figure 12.11 Common location for calculi in the urinary system: kidney, renal pelvis, ureter, and bladder.

Click a second time to pause the video. Renal Calculi Video Click on the image in presentation mode to view a video on kidney stones. Click a second time to pause the video. Back to Directory

Urology and Nephrology Vocabulary Term Explanation chlamydia Bacterial sexually transmitted disease; causes inflammation of urethra of males or cervix of females with purulent discharge circumcision Surgical removal of prepuce; commonly performed on newborns at request of parents; primary reason is for hygiene; also a ritual practiced in some religions clean catch specimen (CC) Procedure for obtaining urine sample after cleaning off urethral meatus and catching urine in midstream (halfway through urination process) to minimize contamination from skin

Urology and Nephrology Vocabulary Term Explanation digital rectal exam (DRE) Examination for enlarged prostate gland performed by palpating (feeling) prostate gland with fingers (digital) through rectum erectile dysfunction (ED) Inability to achieve erection of penis for coitus; also called impotence extracorporeal shockwave lithotripsy (ESWL) Treatment for urinary system stones; uses ultrasound waves to break up stones; non- invasive, meaning not requiring surgery

Erectile Dysfunction Video Click on the image in presentation mode to view a video on erectile dysfunction. Click a second time to pause the video. Back to Directory

Extracorporeal Shockwave Lithotripsy Figure 12.12 Extracorporeal shockwave lithotripsy, a non-invasive procedure using high frequency sound waves to shatter kidney stones.

Urology and Nephrology Vocabulary Term Explanation frequency Feeling urge to urinate more often than normal, but without increase in total daily volume of urine; may indicate inflammation of bladder or urethra or benign prostatic hypertrophy genital herpes Highly infectious, viral, sexually transmitted disease; causes blister-like lesions on penis of males or cervix and vagina of females gonorrhea Bacterial sexually transmitted disease; infects mucous membranes; may spread throughout entire genitourinary system

Click a second time to pause the video. Genital Herpes Video Click on the image in presentation mode to view a video on genital herpes. Click a second time to pause the video. Back to Directory

Gonorrhea Video Click on the image in presentation mode to view a video on gonorrhea. Click a second time to pause the video. Back to Directory

Urology and Nephrology Vocabulary Term Explanation hemodialysis (HD) Treatment for renal failure using artificial kidney machine to filter waste from blood hesitancy Difficulty initiating flow of urine; often symptom of blockage along urethra, such as caused by benign prostatic hypertrophy hydrocele Accumulation of fluid within scrotum intravenous pyelogram (IVP) X-ray of kidney following injection of dye into vein to visualize renal pelvis and ureters as kidney filters dye out of bloodstream and puts it into urine

Hemodialysis Figure 12.13 Patient undergoing hemodialysis. Her blood passes through the hemodialysis machine for cleansing and is then returned to her body.

Urology and Nephrology Vocabulary Term Explanation peritoneal dialysis Artificial means to remove wastes by placing warm, chemically balanced solutions into peritoneal cavity; treatment for renal failure phimosis Narrowing of prepuce over glans penis; may cause difficulty with urination and infection; treatment is circumcision polycystic kidney disease (PKD) Inherited kidney disease with multiple cysts throughout kidney tissue; eventually destroys kidneys and results in kidney failure

Peritoneal Dialysis Figure 12.14 In peritoneal dialysis a chemically balanced solution is placed into the abdominal cavity to draw impurities out of the bloodstream. It is then removed after several hours.

Peritoneal Dialysis Video Click on the image in presentation mode to view a video demonstrating peritoneal dialysis. Click a second time to pause the video. Back to Directory

Urology and Nephrology Vocabulary Term Explanation prostate-specific antigen (PSA) Blood test to screen for prostate cancer prostatic cancer Common and usually slow-growing cancer of prostate; occurs in males over 50; PSA is used to assist in early detection renal failure Inability of kidneys to filter wastes from blood and/or produce urine; treatment of severe renal failure is dialysis or renal transplant

Click on the image to view a video on renal failure. Renal Failure Video Click on the image to view a video on renal failure. Back to Directory

Urology and Nephrology Vocabulary Term Explanation renal transplant Replacement of diseased kidney by donor kidney retrograde pyelogram (RP) X-ray of urinary bladder, ureters, and renal pelvis following insertion of dye through urethra semen analysis Evaluation of semen for fertility; sperm in semen analyzed for number, swimming strength, and shape; procedure would also be used to determine if vasectomy has been successful

Renal Transplant Figure 12.15 Figure illustrates the location of transplanted donor kidney.

Urology and Nephrology Vocabulary Term Explanation sterility Inability to produce children; in males, usually due to problem with sperm production, such as aspermia or oligospermia; also called infertility syphilis Bacterial sexually transmitted disease; begins as localized ulcer at point of infection; chronic disease which after years spreads through lymph nodes to nervous system, causing death testicular cancer Cancer of one or both testicles; commonly seen in young men or boys

Urology and Nephrology Vocabulary Term Explanation transurethral resection (TUR) Surgical removal of prostate gland tissue by inserting device called resectoscope through urethra and removing prostate tissue trichomoniasis Protozoan sexually transmitted disease; causes inflammation of genitourinary tract in both men and women undescended testicle Congenital anomaly; failure of one or both of testes to descend into scrotum before birth; orchiopexy may be required to bring testes down into scrotum permanently; also called cryptorchism

Undescended Testicle Figure 12.16 Undescended testicle or cryptorchism. In (A) both testes have failed to descend. In (B) one testis correctly descended while the other is partially descended.

Urology and Nephrology Vocabulary Term Explanation urgency Feeling need to urinate immediately urinalysis (U/A, UA) Laboratory test; physical, chemical, and microscopic examination of urine urinary catheterization (cath) Insertion of flexible tube, catheter, into urinary bladder through urethra; used to withdraw urine or insert dye urinary incontinence Involuntary urination; also called enuresis urinary tract infection (UTI) Infection, usually bacterial, in any part of urinary tract

Urinalysis Figure 12.17 A dipstick is used to conduct a chemical analysis of urine, for example, testing for the presence of sugar.

Click a second time to pause the video. Urinalysis Video Click on the image in presentation mode to view a video on performing a urinalysis. Click a second time to pause the video. Back to Directory

Urinary Catheterization Figure 12.18 Urinary catheterization in both (A) female and (B) male patients.

Catheterization Video Click on the image in presentation mode to view an animation illustrating catheterization of males and females. Click a second time to pause the animation. Back to Directory

Urinary Tract Infection Figure 12.19 Urinary tract infection, characterized by fever, low back or abdominal pain, and burning pain during urination. A urinalysis reveals the presence of bacteria and white blood cells.

Urology and Nephrology Vocabulary Term Explanation urine culture & sensitivity (C&S) Diagnostic lab procedure; determines identity of bacteria causing the infection and best antibiotic to treat bacterial infection of urinary system; involves growing bacteria in culture medium and testing different antibiotics on it varicocele Development of varicose veins of veins leading to testes in scrotum voiding cystourethrography (VCUG) X-rays are made while patient voids dye that has been placed in urinary bladder through urethra

Urology and Nephrology Abbreviations ARF acute renal failure C & S culture and sensitivity test BPH benign prostatic hypertrophy cysto cystoscopy BUN blood urea nitrogen DRE digital rectal exam cath catheterization ESRD end-stage renal disease CC clean-catch urine specimen ESWL extracorporeal shock-wave lithotripsy CRF chronic renal failure GU genitourinary

Urology and Nephrology Abbreviations HD hemodialysis PSA prostate-specific antigen HPV human papilloma virus RP retrograde pyelogram I & O intake and output STD sexually transmitted disease IVP intravenous pyelogram TUR transurethral resection KUB kidney, ureter, bladder TURP transurethral resection and prostatectomy PKD polycystic kidney disease

Urology and Nephrology Abbreviations U/A, UA urinalysis UTI urinary tract infection UC urine culture VCUG voiding cystourethrography

Combining Forms Match Up cyst/o lith/o nephr/o orch/o pyel/o stone bladder testes renal pelvis kidney